Foundations of Health Science Understanding the Human Body Foundations of Health Science Whitney Brack

How do the organs and systems in my body work together? To understand how the human body works, it is necessary to understand its systems. The smallest element of the body is the cell; a group of cells makes tissue; various tissues make organs; and a group of organs makes a system.

How is your body organized? Cells combine to form tissues. Tissues are specialized cells that function together to form organs. Organs work cooperatively to form systems. Systems work together to make up the human body.

ALL CELLS NEED: Food Water Oxygen

Cells Cell membrane – the outer covering of the cell (holds the cell together). Note – Humans DO NOT have cell walls. Nucleus – the central portion of each cell (directs cell activities & contains chromosomes). Cytoplasm – the substance that surrounds the nucleus (performs the work of the cell). Nuclear membrane – the covering of the nucleus. Chromosomes – genes for inherited traits.

Tissues - Groups of cells that work together to perform the same task. Connective Tissue Holds body parts together and connects them.

Tissues - Groups of cells that work together to perform the same task. Epithelial Tissue Covers the internal and external body surfaces.

Tissues - Groups of cells that work together to perform the same task. Muscle Tissue Expands and contracts, allowing the body to move.

Tissues - Groups of cells that work together to perform the same task. Nervous Tissue Carries messages from all parts of the body to and from The brain and spinal cord.

Review What type of tissue covers the intestines? Connective Epithelial Muscle Nervous

Review What type of tissue covers the intestines? B. Epithelial

Organs - Groups of tissue that work together to perform a specific function. Examples include: Kidneys Stomach

Systems - Groups of organs working together to perform one of the body’s major functions.

Systems Respiratory System Sensory System Circulatory System Digestive System Skeletal System Urinary System Muscular System Integumentary System Nervous System Lymphatic and Immune System Endocrine System Reproductive System

Facing East or West It would be difficult to apply these terms to the human body and other directional terms have been applied.

Directional Terms Anterior or ventral – front side of the body. Posterior or dorsal – back side of the body. Inferior – below another structure. Superior – above another structure.

Body Planes Imaginary lines drawn through the body @ various parts to separate the body into sections.

Main Body Planes Sagittal plane – divides the body into 2 parts, right and left. Midsagittal plane – divides the body into 2 equal halves (parts); divides the body into equal right and left sides. Frontal or coronal plane – divides the body into anterior and posterior sections. Transverse plane – divides the body horizontally into a top, or superior, part and a bottom, or inferior, part.

Another Body Plane Proximal & Distal Direction in reference to extremities in relationship to main trunk. Proximal – body parts close to point of interest Distal – body parts away from the point of reference

Body Planes Superior Frontal Proximal Distal Midsagittal Transverse Inferior Midsagittal Transverse Frontal Superior Anterior Lateral Posterior Distal Proximal Medial

Body Cavities Spaces within the body that contains vital organs.

2 Main Body Cavities Dorsal cavity - one long, continuous cavity located on the back of the body; also known as the posterior or back cavity. Ventral cavities – larger than the dorsal cavities; also known as anterior or front cavity.

Regions of the Abdominal Cavity Epigastric region. Hypochondriac regions, left and right. Umbilical region. Lumbar regions, left and right. Hypogastric region. Illiac, or inguinal, regions left and right.

Regions of the Abdominal Cavity

Abdominal Regions/Quadrants Epigastric Above the stomach Umbilical Near the umbilicus or belly button Hypogastric Below the stomach Lumbar Near the spinal cord Inguinal Near the groin

Abdominal Regions/Quadrants Abdominal is a LARGE cavity and can be divided into sections. 4 Quadrants Right Upper Quadrant – RUQ Right Lower Quadrant - RLQ Left Upper Quadrant – LUQ Left Lower Quadrant - LLQ

Abdominal Regions/Quadrants Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ)

What is the anatomical position? Body is standing erect, facing forward, with the arms at the sides, palms facing forward.

Why is the anatomical position used? To provide a method for locating areas on the body for diagnosis and treatments.