The Cold War [ ]: An Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL  spread world- wide Communism GOAL  “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. [George Kennan] METHODOLOGIES: 1.Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] 2.Arms Race [nuclear escalation] 3.Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars” 4.Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

America WANTED to forget the war

Which of the following was not characteristic of the suburbs? A.offered privacy, playgrounds and built in appliances B.increased property ownership and symbolized the crusade against communism C.served as model communities of ethic and gender integration D.benefited from federal loan policies and tax breaks

The Cold War The Anxieties (and Stability) of a Post-Atomic, Bi-Polar World of Foreign Policy

Historians have emphasized which of the following in their analysis of the Cold War? A.It was the Soviet Union's responsibility for beginning the Cold War because of rampant expansionism. B.It was the United States' responsibility for beginning the Cold War because of the hard line stance it took against essentially defensive moves on the part of the Soviets. C.It was Harry Truman's critical role. D.All of the above.

The Truman Doctrine A.argued that the United States must oppose communist aggression around the world. B.argued that the United States must allocate money for nations resisting outside subversion. C.was initially tied to the Greek Civil War. D.all of the above.

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR While being Allies during WWII, the U.S. and U.S.S.R. viewed each other with suspicion Their political differences created a climate of icy tension that plunged the two countries into an era of bitter rivalry known as the Cold War The Cold War would dominate global affairs from 1945 until the breakup of the USSR in 1991

POLITICAL DIFFERENCES At the heart of the tension was a fundamental difference in political systems America= representative democracy that has a managed capitalist economic system, free elections and two competing political parties In the U.S.S.R., the sole political party – the Communists – established a totalitarian regime with little or no rights for the citizens. Not really Communist. Soviets viewed Marx, Engels and Lenin as founders of Communism

SUSPICIONS DEVELOPED DURING THE WAR Even during the war, the two nations disagreed on many issues The U.S. was furious that Soviet leader Joseph Stalin had been an ally of Hitler for a time Stalin was upset that the U.S. had kept its development of the atomic bomb a secret ISSUES

YALTA (in the USSR) Date: Feb 1945 Present: Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin

The major goal of the Marshall Plan was to A.crush the Soviet Union. B.destroy communist subversion in the United States. C.build a series of military alliances throughout the world. D.counter communism by offering economic aid to war torn European countries.

POTSDAM (Germany) Date: July 1945 Present: Churchill, Truman and Stalin

Improve your knowledge Yalta and Potsdam were the the penultimate of the wartime allied conferences. they dealt mainly with the settlement of post-war Europe. Allegedly FDR was too ill to withstand Stalin’s demands, and his successor, Harry S Truman, took a tougher line. By by the time of the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, the West had the bomb and were anxious to restrict Russia. In reality—what choice did FDR have?

SOVIETS DOMINATE EASTERN EUROPE The Soviet Union suffered an estimated 20 million WWII deaths, half of whom were civilian As a result they felt justified in their claim to Eastern Europe Furthermore, they felt they needed Eastern Europe as a buffer against future German aggression

STALIN INSTALLS PUPPET GOVERNMENTS Stalin installed “satellite” communist governments in the Eastern European countries of Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia and East Germany This after promising “free elections” for Eastern Europe at the Yalta Conference In a 1946 speech, Stalin said communism and capitalism were incompatible – and another war was inevitable

CHURCHILL: “IRON CURTAIN” ACROSS EUROPE Europe was now divided into two political regions; a mostly democratic Western Europe and a communist Eastern Europe In a 1946 speech, Churchill said, “An iron curtain has descended across the continent” The phrase “iron curtain” came to stand for the division of Europe Churchill, right, in Fulton, Missouri delivering his “iron curtain” speech, 1946

Iron Curtain cartoon, 1946

The "G.I. Bill" set in motion post- war policies that A.provided veterans with financial assistance for education. B.mandated veterans receive favorable terms for securing loans for home purchases. C.mandated preferential treatment when veterans applied for public-sector jobs. D.all of the above.

The Origins of the Cold War Delay in opening a 2nd front in Europe Yalta and the end of WW II Potsdam and the Iron Curtain Germany and Berlin Crisis Secrecy surrounding the Bomb Containment and the Truman Doctrine NATO and the Marshall Plan Usefulness of a Red Scare at Home Proxy Wars (if you can get some other country to fight your war—why not do it??? (except Korea US vs. THEM program engrained in humans

Background and the Presidency of Harry Truman Cold War is the central fact of U.S. diplomacy from Pre-war and WWII tension with the Soviets Truman’s background Truman did not cause the Cold War, but his policies and attitudes contributed Truman is counseled to get tough with the Soviets

Presidency of Harry Truman (cont.) Truman ends Lend-Lease to USSR and stalls loan request Truman “chews out” Soviet ambassador Stalin’s paranoia (to some extent justified) contributed to the Cold War Stalin wants “Buffer Zones” in Eastern Europe

Possible American Responses to the Cold War Tension Traditional Isolation Cooperate with the Soviets --Henry Wallace Turn the Cold War into a Hot War “Containment” –George Kennan –Only planned for EUROPE –“Long Telegram” (February, 1946) –Containment hard to contain

U.S. (false) Assumptions About Soviet Communism Communism is monolithic. Worldwide communism is centrally directed by Moscow. Communism is infinitely expansive. Communism is a threat to American trade. Communism is a threat to democratic institutions. Communism is evil morally. No room for neutrality in a bi-polar world. U.S. is militarily and diplomatically omnipotent.

The so-called "white flight" refers to A.middle-class white families leaving the cities to live in the suburbs. B.middle-class whites leaving the Northeast to live in the West. C.wealthy whites leaving the city to live on country estates. D.none of the above.

US Efforts to fight Communism Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan National Security Act Voice of America North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Da Bomb

George Kennan and the “Long Telegram Argued that the Soviet Union was intent on expansion. Unless the United States stopped them, they wouldn’t be content until they had obtained worldwide domination. Leads to doctrine of Containment- stopping the spread of Communism worldwide

The Truman Doctrine “It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures” Plan to provide $ to rebuild WESTERN Europe $ to all nations that refused Communists Eminently successful

THE MARSHALL PLAN Post-war Europe was devastated economically In June 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall proposed a U.S. aid package to European nations Western Europe accepted the help, while Eastern Europe (read Stalin) rejected the aid Over the next four years 16 European countries received $13 billion in U.S. aid By 1952 Western Europe’s economy was flourishing The Marshall Plan helped Western Europe recover economically

Marshall Plan aid sent to European countries

According to many social commentators, the ideal mother of the early 1950s A.maintained outside employment and domestic duties as well. B.worked primarily outside of the home. C.devoted herself to working at home and rearing her own children. D.all of the above.

Harry Truman's policy in regard to the Soviet Union was based on his belief that A.the Russians were honest and could be trusted to negotiate in good faith. B.the United States should cut off all contact with the U.S.S.R. C.the United States had to take a firm stand in opposition to Soviet territorial and ideological expansion. D.the United States should maintain friendly relations with the U.S.S.R at all costs.

Marshall Aid cartoon, 1947

Iron Curtain – A term used by Winston Churchill to describe the separating of Those communist lands of East Europe from the West.

Improve your knowledge The Russians took very high casualties to capture Berlin in May They spent the early occupation trying to take over all zones of the city but were stopped by German democrats such as Willy Brandt and Konrad Adenauer. Reluctantly the Russians had to admit the Americans, French and British to their respective zones.

The Berlin Crisis and Airlift Soviet blockade of western Berlin Possible Soviet aims Possible U.S. responses “Operation Vittles” June, 1948-May, 1949: 1.5 million tons of supplies delivered

The U.S. anti-Communist crusade caused the federal government to A.reduce U.S. military spending. B.support corrupt, oppressive, racist governments in other countries. C.encouraged freedom of speech and conscience at home and abroad. D.lose interest in U.S. holdings in the Pacific.

The Creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Successful Soviet test of an atomic weapon (September, 1949) Nuclear proliferation NSC-68 NATO created (April, 1949) Soviet perception of this alliance Warsaw Pact (1955) Change in Soviet policy after Stalin’s death (1953) What everyone FEARS

National Defense Budget [ ]

The House un-American ActivitiesCommittee (HUAC) A.accused Richard Nixon and John Wayne of spying for the communists. B.proved that the labor movement was loyal and pro-capitalist. C.helped capture and convict some of the most dangerous Soviet spies in the United States. D.Conducted an anti-Communist witch-hunt that destroyed the careers of hundreds of TV and movie workers.

Anti-communism in Govt Smith Act: made it illegal to join an organization that promoted the overthrow of the govt. (Communism, etc) declared certain cases under this law as unconstitutional in 1957 but is still an official law. HUAC McCarthy McCarren Act: 1 st sedition law since 1798 Loyalty Review Board: Launched by Truman to catch spies. 90 organizations were listed as disloyal, 3,000,000 Federal employees had to sign… Dennis v. U.S overturns LRB.

The Cold War in Asia U.S. Intervention in post-war Japan

CHINESE CIVIL WAR: After Japan left China at the end of the War, Chinese Nationalists and Communists fought a bloody civil war Despite the U.S. sending $ billions to the Nationalists, the Communists under Mao won the war and ruled China Chiang and the Nationalists fled China to neighboring Taiwan (Formosa) Mao established the People’s Republic of China MAO Kai-Shek

A DOMINO FALLING? The American public was shocked that China had fallen to the Communists Many believed containment had failed and communism was expanding American fear of communism and communist expansion was increasing

Containment failed in China b/c the US tried to force a Western model (Containment) onto an Asian reality U.S. omnipotence is drawn into question Failure to recognize this war as one fought for nationalism McCarthism had fired Asian experts from State Dept. Real reason for the “loss” of China U.S. relations with Communist China

The Korean War “Temporary” division of Korea into 2 zones No national security interest in Korea The call for free elections North Korean invasion of South Korea (June, 1950) United Nations’ sanction of the Korean War The “Pusan” perimeter

General Douglas MacArthur

The Korean War (cont.) MacArthur’s landing at Inchon Threat of the introduction of Chinese forces on behalf of North Korea MacArthur calls for a “new war” against the Chinese and North Korea 2 1

CHINA JOINS THE FIGHT Just as it looked like the Americans were going to score a victory in the North, 300,000 Chinese soldiers joined the war on the side of the North Koreans The fight between North and South Korea had turned into a war in which the main opponents were Chinese Communists vs. America

MACARTHUR RECOMMENDS ATTACKING CHINA To halt the bloody stalemate, General MacArthur called for an extension of the war into China Furthermore, MacArthur called for the U.S. to drop atomic bombs on several Chinese cities President Truman rejected the General’s requests Rift develops between MacArthur and Truman Truman fires Mac

The Korean War (cont.) The “lesson” of Korea Peace talks (1951) and the Election of 1952 Eisenhower visits Korea and pressures the North Koreans for an armistice (July, 1953) Consequences of the Korean War --M*A*S*H* --We learned to never invade another country

The Cold War (or have the names just been changed

Improve your knowledge The nuclear bomb gave America a lead which was expected to last at least 5 years. The rapid Russian development of nuclear technology, helped by the work of the “atom spies” was a shock. Significantly, Russia hurriedly declared war against Japan at the beginning of August 1945 and rushed to advance into Asia to stake out a position for the post- war settlement. This helped make both the Korean and Vietnamese conflicts more likely.

THE COLD WAR AT HOME At the height of WWII, about 80,000 Americans claimed membership in the Communist Party Some feared that the first loyalty of these American Communists was to the Soviet Union Overall, Americans feared communist ideology, a world revolution and Soviet expansion Anti-Soviet cartoon The Fear Grows

U.S. GOVERNMENT TAKES ACTION In March of 1947, President Truman set up the Loyalty Review Board The board was created to investigate federal employees and dismiss those disloyal to the U.S. government The U.S. Attorney General also drew up a list of 91 “subversive” organizations – membership in any of these was ground for suspicion

THE ROSENBERGS Another high profile trial was the Rosenberg spy case The Rosenbergs were accused of providing information to Soviets which enabled them to produce an atomic bomb in 1949 Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were found guilty and executed The Rosenbergs were the first U.S. citizens executed for espionage

The Red Scare (again!) HUAC:House Un-American Activities Committee

HUAC Goes all the way back to WWII Heats up in 1947 when it goes after Hollywood. To be safe one had to “name names” (Ronald Reagan) Blacklists Alger Hiss : Nixon makes his name known as the bulldog against Commies. Alger was: –President of the Carnegie International Peace Org. –Harvard trained –At Yalta with FDR –A New Dealer –Employed at State Dept –He MUST be a Commie HISSSSS

THE BLACKLIST TEN Ten witnesses refused to cooperate because they believed the proceedings were unconstitutional – they were jailed Subsequently, the committee blacklisted 500 actors, directors, writers and producers whom they believed had communist connections The “Blacklist Ten” (And two lawyers)

An admitted Commie, to get out of trouble names Hiss as his contact Says he hides secret microfilm in his PUMPKIN Patch

Improve your knowledge The “Red Scare”, launched by Senator Joe McCarthy, dominated US politics for several years and helped pressure Truman into the Korean War, a costly and ultimately stalemated conflict. Given the suddenness of the fall of China, the development of the Soviet bomb, and the shocking performance of the Western secret services, the level of panic is predictable.

Tail-Gunner Joe Drunken Wisconsin Senator 1950: at a Rep Womyn’s Club meeting he claims to have a list of 205 commies in the State Dept. Although the number kept changing, no one questioned him. Supported by: –Fellow Rep’s (good campaign stuff) –Catholics –Conservative Protestants –Blue Collar workers

McCathyism Cont. The new President (Ike) also lets Joe have free rein. “I will not get down into the gutter with that man”. MacCarthy finally meets his demise when he goes after the Army, and they stand up to him. Seen as a mean cruel bully on national TV.

Anti- Communist propaganda during McCarthy era

TWO NATIONS LIVE ON THE EDGE After World War II, the U.S. and U.S.S.R. competed in developing atomic and hydrogen bombs The Soviets tested their first atomic bomb in 1949 The U.S. began work on a bomb 67 times stronger than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima – the hydrogen bomb An H-bomb test conducted by America near Bikini Island in Pacific Ocean, 1954

BRINKMANSHIP By the time both countries had the H-bomb (1953), President Dwight D. Eisenhower and his Secretary of State John Foster Dulles made it clear they were willing to use all military force (including nuclear weapons) to stop aggression The Soviets followed suit This willingness to go to the edge of all-out war became known as brinkmanship Some Americans created shelters in their backyards in case of nuclear attack

Makes as much sense as this guy

THE COLD WAR SPREADS As the Cold War heated up, the U.S. depended more and more on information compiled by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) The CIA began attempts to weaken or overthrow governments unfriendly to the U.S.

COVERT ACTIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST One of the first covert operations occurred in the Middle East In Iran the U.S. orchestrated the return of the pro- U.S. Shah of Iran in 1953 The last Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

COVERT OPS IN LATIN AMERICA In 1954, the CIA also took covert actions in Guatemala (a Central America country just south of Mexico) The U.S. believed Guatemala was on the verge of becoming Communist, so the CIA trained an army which invaded the small country Assassinated their leader The actions eventually failed as a military dictator rose to power

But also the Latin American Marshall Plan

THE WARSAW PACT To counter the U.S. defense alliance (NATO), in 1955 the Soviets formed their own mutual defense alliance known as the Warsaw Pact

THE COLD WAR TAKES TO SPACE The Space Race was initially dominated by the Soviets On October 4, 1957, they launched Sputnik, the world’s first artificial satellite Sputnik traveled around earth at 18,000 miles an hour, circling the globe every 96 minutes

U-2 PLANES SPY ON SOVIETS In the late 1950s, the CIA began secret high-altitude spy missions over Soviet territory The U-2’s infra-red cameras took detailed pictures of Soviet troop movements & missile sites

Cold War Thaws Khrushchev visits United States 1960, US and USSR decide to meet in Paris for a de- escalation of nuclear bombs and other war material. But then…

U-2 SPY PLANE SHOT DOWN OVER USSR On May 1, 1960, Gary Power’s U-2 spy plane was shot down over Soviet territory Powers parachuted into Soviet territory, was captured and sentenced to 10-years in prison Because of this incident, the 1960s opened with tension between the two superpowers as great as ever Powers was released in 1962 in exchange for convicted Soviet spy Rudolph Abel

Cuba falls to Castro in 1959, and he declares it a Socialist State in 1961

Cold War Historiography Early History: Soviet Union at fault Revisionist History: 1960s- United States at fault; Soviet Union only acting defensively. Post-Revisionist History: 1970s- United States and Soviet Union about equally culpable.