© T. M. Whitmore Last Time Green revolution & its impacts

© T. M. Whitmore Today Green revolution & its impacts (continued) Cattle Natural Resources & Industry Development Cultural Complexity

© T. M. Whitmore Green Revolution Successes Improved productivity Lower prices for main grain crops Lower rates of extensification Lower proportions of hunger and lower absolute numbers

© T. M. Whitmore With the technology itself  Chemical pollution  Soil damage  Uneven geographic and crop-specific impacts General problems  Impacts on large and small holders  Genetic loss  Petroleum dependence (fertilizer)  Dependence on irrigation  Does not “solve” the food problem Green Revolution Problems

© T. M. Whitmore Agriculture III Cattle — Sacred in Hindu India:  > 200 million head  Traction/power  Dung  Milk

© John Wiley & Sons

N India –”Persian” wheel irrigation © 2005 The Great Mirror

© Pearson Education – Prentice Hall

N India – dung curing for fuel © 2005 The Great Mirror

© Michel Guntern

© T. M. Whitmore Natural Resources & Industry India dominant for resources and industry Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan new centers for low-tech assembly (maquiladora type labor) Indian natural resources:  iron; coal  little petroleum

© T. M. Whitmore Industry & Economic Development Industrial development & British colonial legacy New “back office” and hi-tech developments Maquiladora-type, export led developments Micro-development

© T. M. Whitmore Locales of industrial development Pakistan: Lahlore Bangladesh: Dhaka India  Old colonial cities  Mumbai/Bombay; Delhi – light industry & finance  Calcutta & W Bengal – heavy industry  New “Silicon plateau” Bangalore- Madras

© T. M. Whitmore Development Poverty throughout the region  Malnutrition extreme  Growing middle class esp in India  Rapid economic growth but spatially very uneven Social development issues  Status of women in S Asian societies

Source: FAO

Number of malnourished children, 1993, 2010, and 2020 Source: IFPRI IMPACT simulations.

© T. M. Whitmore Cultural issues: unity out of diversity 3 major religions > 20 major languages 5 major countries But the boundaries of these do not always coincide!

© T. M. Whitmore Languages In India there are 16 official languages covering ~ 75% of pop (and hundreds in total) and Pakistan is similar  Indic  Persian  Dravidian  English

© T. M. Whitmore Religion traditions: Hindu Emerged in India about 3,000 years ago No single text, but hundreds of scriptures called Vedas Complex & diverse beliefs with multiple gods in lots of local guises (Brahma the creator; Vishnu the preserver; and Shiva the destroyer)

© T. M. Whitmore Religion traditions: Hindu II Connected with a society of multiple (hierarchal) social roles each with multiple levels or castes (Braman priests; warrior; merchant; laborers; etc.) Dominant over most of India and Nepal as well

© T. M. Whitmore Religion traditions: Buddhist Prince Siddhartha’s (the Buddha, c 500 BCE) search for enlightenment thru meditation & rejection of earthly desires Indian in origin but more important outside India all over SE Asia (but dominant in Sri Lanka and Bhutan)

© T. M. Whitmore Religion traditions: Islam Arrives in S Asia in the 700s Spatial expansion to cover all Pakistan, Bangladesh, and most of N. India (except south) by 1700  stopped by Hindu resistance just as Brits establish colonial presence Population majority Muslim  Pakistan  Bangladesh

1700

© T. M. Whitmore Cultural complexity I 1. Muslim Pakistan and nearby Hindu India —common Punjabi language 2. Muslim Bangladesh and nearby Hindu India — common Bengali language 3. Mostly Hindu Jammu in Pakistan and Mostly Muslim Kashmir in India

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© T. M. Whitmore Cultural complexity II 1. Muslim Pakistan and Bangladesh separated in space by India (and in language) 2. Mostly Hindu India religion binds — very many languages separate 3. Muslim Pakistan religion binds — very many languages separate 4. Muslim Bangladesh both religion and language tie 5. Sri Lanka: Tamil Hindus & Singhalese Buddhists