1. © T. M. Whitmore Today South Asia  Culture  Population  Development & industry SE Asia  Physical environments

2. © T. M. Whitmore Last time – Questions? Agriculture Green Revolution Cattle

3. © T. M. Whitmore Cultural Diversity Early civilizations Linguistic diversity Religious diversity Colonial imprint

5. In the second millennium BC Indo- European speakers arrived in South Asia and largely replaced the indigenous Dravidians except in peninsular southern India. Thus northern Indian languages are unrelated to those of southern India but are related to European languages such as English.

6. Timeline of South Asian Religions Hinduism is over 4000 years old and includes >95% of Indians. Jainism and Buddhism originated in India ~500 BC as reactions to Hinduism. Islam includes 400 million in the region and started arriving after 700 AD with conquering armies. Sikhism originated in the Punjab in the late 1400s as an offshoot of Hinduism. Roman Catholic and Syrian Christians are also present.

7. © T. M. Whitmore Languages In India alone there are 16 official languages covering ~ 75% of pop (and hundreds in total) and Pakistan is similar languages  Indic  Persian  Dravidian  English

9. © T. M. Whitmore Indian Religions Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism origins here (plus Islam and Christianity from elsewhere) An important part of daily life Shared concepts:  Past deeds actively influence future experiences (karma), in accordance with the proper way of living in harmony with nature's underlying order (dharma)  A cycle of reincarnation or rebirth, and the potential for liberation from the cycle  Spiritual practices such as meditation and yoga

10. © T. M. Whitmore Hinduism Emerged in India about 3,000 years ago No single text, but hundreds of scriptures called Vedas Complex beliefs with multiple gods in lots of local guises (Bahama the creator; Vishnu the preserver; and Shiva the destroyer) Connected with a society of multiple (hierarchal) social roles each with multiple levels or castes (Braman priests; warrior; merchant; laborers; etc) Dominant over most of India and Nepal as well Dominant over most of India and Nepal as well

11. © T. M. Whitmore Hindu Caste System Main Groups:  Brahmins  Kshatriyas  Vaishyas  Sudras  Dalits

12. © T. M. Whitmore Mohandas Gandhi South African Influence “Civil disobedience” Points of Protest  Unfair taxation  Discrimination  Poverty  Liberation of Women  Religious/Ethnic Peace  End of Caste System  Independent India Ties to American Civil Rights Movement

13. © T. M. Whitmore Buddhism Prince Siddhartha’s (the Buddha, c 500 BCE) search for enlightenment thru meditation & rejection of earthly desires Indian in origin but more important outside India all over SE Asia (but dominant in Sri Lanka and Bhutan) dominant in Sri Lanka and Bhutan

14. © T. M. Whitmore Islam Arrives in S Asia in the 700s Spatial expansion to cover all Pakistan, Bangladesh, and most of N. India (except south) by 1700 Spatial expansion  S topped by Hindu resistance just as Brits establish colonial presence Population majority Muslim in Population majority  Pakistan  Bangladesh

15. © T. M. Whitmore Sikhism Punjab: 60% Sikh Elements of Islam & Hinduism Principal components  Path to salvation is through disciplined meditation  Equality

18. Hinduism

21. The Indian film industry is the largest in the world in terms of films produced and tickets sold. The films have worldwide appeal but only generate a fraction of Hollywood’s revenues. The Hindu/Urdu language component of the industry is known as Bollywood.

22. Buddhism

25. Islam

27. Sikhism

30. © T. M. Whitmore History, complexity & conflict British colonial rule replaced the Islamic Mughal Empire British colonial rule  Left a mixed legacy:  investments in infrastructure  the foundations of India’s democracy were established  industry was little developed After independence (1947) After independence  Religious strife leads to 2 states:  Muslim Pakistan (east & west)  Hindu (majority) India  Pakistan later divides into:  Pakistan & Bangladesh

32. Millions were displaced and hundreds of thousands died in the partition of India and Pakistan.

36. © T. M. Whitmore Cultural complexity & conflict Muslim Pakistan and nearby Hindu India — common Punjabi language Muslim Pakistan and nearby Hindu India — common Punjabi language Muslim Bangladesh and nearby Hindu India — common Bengali language Muslim Bangladesh and nearby Hindu India — common Bengali language Mostly Hindu Jammu in Pakistan and mostly Muslim Kashmir in India Mostly Hindu Jammu in Pakistan and mostly Muslim Kashmir in India Muslim Pakistan and Bangladesh separated in space by India (and in language) Muslim Pakistan and Bangladesh separated in space by India (and in language) Mostly Hindu India religion binds — very many languages separate Muslim Pakistan religion binds — very many languages separate Muslim Bangladesh both religion and language tie Sri Lanka: Tamil Hindus & Singhalese Buddhists Sri Lanka

41. © T. M. Whitmore Population Issues Size: ~ India + Pakistan + Bangladesh = 1/5 of humanity nearly 1.4b Fertility (TFR) (3.1 = 3 rd world ave)  India ~ 3.1; Pakistan ~ 4.8; Bangladesh ~ 3.6; Sri Lanka ~ 2.0  Regionally variable Regionally Mortality (E o ) (global LDC ave ~ 63)  India ~63; Pakistan ~63; Bangladesh ~59; Sri Lanka ~72

42. © T. M. Whitmore Population Issues II Growth — 1.3%/yr in Sri Lanka to >2.7%/yr in Pakistan & 2.2 in Bangladesh Growth Age structure  All very youthful (35-40% < age 15) Gender bias  Low status of women & dowry murders

43. © T. M. Whitmore Spatial Distribution of Population Most in coastal and river valley areas (Ganges ;Brahmaputra; & Indus) Most in coastal and river valley areas Little urbanized – but growinggrowing  < 35% urban overall  but Calcutta & Mumbai [> 10-15 m]  Future growth Urban problems of crowding, substandard housing, lack of jobs etc. (e.g., over 500,000 homeless and living on the street in Calcutta) Urban problems

54. © W.H. Freeman & Co.

56. © T. M. Whitmore Development issues I Poverty throughout the region (LDC ave ~ $3,600 PPP GDP/capita) Poverty  India ~ $2,800  Pakistan ~ $1,800  Bangladesh ~ $1,600  Sri Lanka ~ $3,300

57. © T. M. Whitmore Development issues II Relatively low levels of life expectancy, poor infant mortality, literacy  Generally S and W India betterS and W India better  Child labor issues Child labor issues  Major problem is relatively low status of women in much of S Asia due in part to the Hindu and Muslim traditions  But religion is not all since Kerala state has good conditions

58. This woman earns ~$1/day collecting trash

67. © T. M. Whitmore Industry & Economic Development Industrial development & British colonial legacy New “back office” and hi-tech developments New “back office” and hi-tech developments Maquiladora-type, export led developments Maquiladora-type Micro-credit: Micro-credit  Muhammad Yunus & Grameen Bank Awarded The Nobel Peace Prize for 2006 www.grameen-info.org/  Also see www.kiva.org

77. © T. M. Whitmore Locales of industrial development Pakistan: Lahlore Bangladesh: Dhaka India  Old colonial cities  Mumbai/Bombay; Delhi – light industry & finance  Calcutta & W Bengal – heavy industry  New “Silicon plateau” Bangalore- Madras

79. © T. M. Whitmore Southeast Asia Plate tectonics in SE Asia Plate tectonics Earthquakes & Volcanoes EarthquakesVolcanoes

86. Banda Aceh before

87. Banda Aceh after

89. Tambora

90. © T. M. Whitmore Southeast Asian environments II Other land forms  Indochinese (mainland) mountains Indochinese  Highlands of Borneo and New Guinea  Coastal mangrove swamps of E Sumatra and parts of N Guinea and Borneo  Major rivers of Indochinarivers

92. Red R. Mekong R. Cho Phraya Irrawaddy Salween

93. © T. M. Whitmore Southeast Asian Climates Climate regimes  Tropical wet/dry and equatorial climates (Af, Aw, Am) — warm year around in all places (except very highlands)

95. © T. M. Whitmore Vegetation and soils Inland in Indochina Lowland equatorial rainforest Soils — high temperatures and rainfall

96. © T. M. Whitmore Puzzle of tropical/equatorial rainforests Much of the most moist area under “classical” tropical rainforest Huge trees; much biodiversity; high biomass/area Yet — all this on poor soils mostly — how? Commercial threats to tropical rainforests increasing