1. © T. M. Whitmore Last Time Green revolution & its impacts (continued) Cattle Natural Resources & Industry Development Cultural Complexity

2. © T. M. Whitmore Today South Asia  Cultural Complexity continued  Population issues Southeast Asia  Landforms & climate

3. © T. M. Whitmore Religion traditions: Hindu Emerged in India about 3,000 years ago No single text, but hundreds of scriptures called Vedas Complex & diverse beliefs with multiple gods in lots of local guises (Brahma the creator; Vishnu the preserver; and Shiva the destroyer)

4. © T. M. Whitmore Religion traditions: Hindu II Connected with a society of multiple (hierarchal) social roles each with multiple levels or castes (Braman priests; warrior; merchant; laborers; etc.) Dominant over most of India and Nepal as well

7. © T. M. Whitmore Religion traditions: Buddhist Prince Siddhartha’s (the Buddha, c 500 BCE) search for enlightenment thru meditation & rejection of earthly desires Indian in origin but more important outside India all over SE Asia (but dominant in Sri Lanka, Bhutan, and border lands with Tibet)

10. © T. M. Whitmore Religion traditions: Islam Arrives in S Asia in the 700s Spatial expansion to cover all Pakistan, Bangladesh, and most of N. India (except south) by 1700  stopped by Hindu resistance just as Brits establish colonial presence Muslim Populations  Pakistan (> 95%) => > 150 m Muslims  Bangladesh (~ 85%) => 125 m Muslims  India (~13%) => 130 m Muslims

11. 1700

14. © T. M. Whitmore Cultural complexity I 1. Muslim Pakistan and nearby Hindu India —common Punjabi language 2. Mostly Hindu Jammu in Pakistan and Mostly Muslim Kashmir in India 3. Muslim Bangladesh and nearby Hindu India — common Bengali language

15. 1 3 2

17. © T. M. Whitmore Cultural complexity II 1. Muslim Pakistan and Bangladesh separated in space by India (and in language) 2. Mostly Hindu India religion binds — very many languages separate 3. Muslim Pakistan religion binds — very many languages separate 4. Muslim Bangladesh both religion and language tie 5. Sri Lanka: Tamil Hindus & Singhalese Buddhists

22. © T. M. Whitmore Population Issues Size:  India + Pakistan + Bangladesh = 1.4b  Or 1/5 of humanity Growth —  1.3%/yr in Sri Lanka  1.7%/yr in India  2.4%/yr in Pakistan  1.9% in Bangladesh All very youthful (35-40% < age 15)

23. © T. M. Whitmore Population Issues II Fertility (TFR) (3.1 = 3 rd world ave)  India ~ 3.0  Pakistan ~ 4.8  Bangladesh ~ 3.0  Sri Lanka ~ 2.0 Mortality (E o ) (global LDC ave ~ 63)  India ~62  Pakistan ~62  Bangladesh ~61  Sri Lanka ~73

24. © T. M. Whitmore Spatial Distribution of Population Most in coastal and river valley areas (Ganges ;Brahmaputra; & Indus) Little urbanized  < 30% urban overall  but Calcutta & Mumbai [> 10-15 m]  Future growth Urban problems: crowding, substandard housing, lack of jobs etc. (e.g., over 500,000 homeless and living on the street in Calcutta) Emigration to UK and elsewhere

26. © National Geographic Society

28. © W.H. Freeman & Co.

31. © T. M. Whitmore Southeast Asia Plate tectonics in SE Asia Earthquakes & and Tsunamis Volcanoes

32. © T. M. Whitmore

37. Tambora

41. Banda Aceh Shore (Before Tsunami) Imagery collected June 23, 2004 © DigitalGlobe Inc. 2006

42. Banda Aceh Northern Shore Imagery collected December 28, 2004 © DigitalGlobe Inc. 2006

44. © T. M. Whitmore Southeast Asian physical environments II Other land forms  Indochinese (mainland) mountains  Highlands of Borneo and New Guinea  Coastal mangrove swamps of E Sumatra and parts of N Guinea and Borneo  Major rivers of Indochina

45. © T. M. Whitmore

46. Red R. Mekong R. Cho Phraya Irrawaddy Salween

47. © T. M. Whitmore Southeast Asian Climates Climate regimes  Tropical wet/dry and equatorial climates (Af, Aw, Am) — warm year around in all places (except very highlands)

49. © T. M. Whitmore Vegetation and soils Inland in Indochina Lowland equatorial rainforest Soils — high temperatures and rainfall => poor many places  Alluvial and volcanics exceptions  Focus for settlement

51. © T. M. Whitmore Puzzle of tropical/equatorial rainforests Much of the most moist area under “classical” tropical rainforest Huge trees; much biodiversity; high biomass/area Yet — all this on poor soils mostly — how? Commercial threats to tropical rainforests increasing