Chapter 15 Part 3 The 30 Years’ War A Big Deal

Background Philip II (Spain) rebuilding his fleet Philip II (Spain) rebuilding his fleet Henry IV (France) Reconstruction of France Henry IV (France) Reconstruction of France Elizabeth I (England) Savoring the Spanish defeat Elizabeth I (England) Savoring the Spanish defeat The Dutch Recovering and building trading empire…Beginning of their Golden Age The Dutch Recovering and building trading empire…Beginning of their Golden Age

Remember 1555 Peace of Augsburg Made no provision for Calvinists Made no provision for Calvinists Undermined the authority of the HRE in Lutheran states Undermined the authority of the HRE in Lutheran states

Over time, Other Problems Lutherans continued to make gains in other German states (in violation of the Peace of Augsburg) Lutherans continued to make gains in other German states (in violation of the Peace of Augsburg) Jesuits having some success converting Lutherans back to Catholicism Jesuits having some success converting Lutherans back to Catholicism Calvinists began to convert German Princes Calvinists began to convert German Princes Lutherans feared being overwhelmed by Catholics and Calvinists Lutherans feared being overwhelmed by Catholics and Calvinists

Lutherans and Catholics Were determined to stop the advances of the other Were determined to stop the advances of the other 1608 Lutherans formed the Protestant League 1608 Lutherans formed the Protestant League 1609 Catholics formed the Catholic League 1609 Catholics formed the Catholic League

In the Meantime… Charles V had abdicated and died Charles V had abdicated and died Had divided the Hapsburg family into two branches Had divided the Hapsburg family into two branches Philip II (son): Spain, Spanish Netherlands, American colonies, Italian Provinces Philip II (son): Spain, Spanish Netherlands, American colonies, Italian Provinces Ferdinand I (brother): Imperial title (HRE) and central Europe (Austria, etc) Ferdinand I (brother): Imperial title (HRE) and central Europe (Austria, etc)

Ferdinand I’s grandson, Matthias Had no direct heir so cousin, Ferdinand of Styria (II) got the title in 1619 Had no direct heir so cousin, Ferdinand of Styria (II) got the title in 1619 In 1617 Ferdinand of Styria was elected King of Bohemia In 1617 Ferdinand of Styria was elected King of Bohemia Also gained jurisdiction over Silesia and Moravia Also gained jurisdiction over Silesia and Moravia

Groups in Bohemia Catholics and Lutherans, and Calvinists, and Hussites Catholics and Lutherans, and Calvinists, and Hussites Were Bohemian and German Were Bohemian and German Ferdinand made a move to close Protestant Churches in Bohemia Ferdinand made a move to close Protestant Churches in Bohemia

The Defenestration of Prague May 1618 Protestants threw 2 of Ferdinand’s officials out a castle window May 1618 Protestants threw 2 of Ferdinand’s officials out a castle window A 70 foot drop! A 70 foot drop! But survived! But survived! A miracle…Catholics said they were saved by angels A miracle…Catholics said they were saved by angels Protestants said they survived because they fell into a huge pile of manure Protestants said they survived because they fell into a huge pile of manure

Thus began the 30 Years’ War Most important war in the 17 th Century Most important war in the 17 th Century Four Phases: Four Phases: Bohemian Bohemian Danish Danish Swedish Swedish International (French and others) International (French and others)

Bohemian Phase Civil War Civil War Catholic League led by Ferdinand of Styria Catholic League led by Ferdinand of Styria Protestant Union led by Frederick of the Palatinate Protestant Union led by Frederick of the Palatinate Bohemians wanted religious freedom and independence from Hapsburg rule Bohemians wanted religious freedom and independence from Hapsburg rule

1618 Bohemians deposed Ferdinand and gave crown to Frederick Bohemians deposed Ferdinand and gave crown to Frederick 1620 The Battle of White Mountain: Frederick was defeated by Catholic forces 1620 The Battle of White Mountain: Frederick was defeated by Catholic forces Within 10 years Protestantism was wiped out of Bohemia, Forced conversions…Jesuits involved Within 10 years Protestantism was wiped out of Bohemia, Forced conversions…Jesuits involved

Phase II Danish Phase Albert of Wallenstein led Catholic Imperial Army Albert of Wallenstein led Catholic Imperial Army Protestant League led by inept King Christian IV of Denmark Protestant League led by inept King Christian IV of Denmark Wallenstein kicked butt BUT Wallenstein kicked butt BUT Hapsburgs came to rely too much on him Hapsburgs came to rely too much on him Wallenstein’s army was loyal to HIM…not Hapsburgs Wallenstein’s army was loyal to HIM…not Hapsburgs

Wallenstein Kept the territory he conquered for himself and his men Kept the territory he conquered for himself and his men Caused clash with Hapsburgs Caused clash with Hapsburgs Catholic forces became divided Catholic forces became divided Danes lost anyway Danes lost anyway 1629 Ferdinand of Styria issued… 1629 Ferdinand of Styria issued…

The Edict of Restitution All Catholic properties lost since 1552 to be restored All Catholic properties lost since 1552 to be restored Think…Peace of Augsburg 1555! Think…Peace of Augsburg 1555! Wallenstein ruthlessly enforced edict Wallenstein ruthlessly enforced edict

Phase III Swedish Phase Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus very capable Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus very capable Controlled Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Finland, Baltic States…was Lutheran Controlled Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Finland, Baltic States…was Lutheran Came to Germany: Came to Germany: To aid family members (Dukes of Mecklenburg) who had been exiled To aid family members (Dukes of Mecklenburg) who had been exiled To aid oppressed Protestants To aid oppressed Protestants

France entered unofficially Louis XIII and minister Richelieu sent aid to Adolphus Louis XIII and minister Richelieu sent aid to Adolphus NOTE: no longer a religious war since France entered on the side of Lutherans (again) NOTE: no longer a religious war since France entered on the side of Lutherans (again) NOTE: Again religion took a back seat to politics…keep Germany divided NOTE: Again religion took a back seat to politics…keep Germany divided

Victories for Swedes: Battle of Breitenfeld Battle of Breitenfeld Battle at Lutzen Battle at Lutzen BUT Adolphus was killed at Lutzen BUT Adolphus was killed at Lutzen Swedes lost in 1634 Battle of Nordling Swedes lost in 1634 Battle of Nordling Hapsburgs hoped to unite all German states under Hapsburg control…. Hapsburgs hoped to unite all German states under Hapsburg control….

Phase IV The International Phase Enter the French Enter the French But this time Hapsburgs v Bourbons But this time Hapsburgs v Bourbons Also others: Dutch, Swedes, Scots, Fins, German mercenaries (note: Calvinists, too) Also others: Dutch, Swedes, Scots, Fins, German mercenaries (note: Calvinists, too) Germany was trashed Germany was trashed

The war lasted so long Because nether side had the resources to win a quick victory Because nether side had the resources to win a quick victory Many treaties involved Many treaties involved Were combined into one big one… Were combined into one big one…

The Peace of Westphalia Was a turning point in European political, religious, and social history Was a turning point in European political, religious, and social history 30 Year’s War was the last religious war 30 Year’s War was the last religious war Recognition of over 300 sovereign German States… Recognition of over 300 sovereign German States… HRE titular power only HRE titular power only Pope had NO authority Pope had NO authority New Peace of Augsburg…included Calvinists New Peace of Augsburg…included Calvinists

The Peace of Westphalia All acknowledged independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands All acknowledged independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands Switzerland gained independence Switzerland gained independence France gained prestige and territory: Alsace France gained prestige and territory: Alsace Sweden: cash and jurisdiction over German territory along Baltic Sea Sweden: cash and jurisdiction over German territory along Baltic Sea International status to Brandenburg (Prussia) International status to Brandenburg (Prussia)

Germany The 30 Year’s War was the most destructive event in Germany until the wars of the 20 th Century The 30 Year’s War was the most destructive event in Germany until the wars of the 20 th Century ½ of urbanites and 2/5 of rural Germans perished ½ of urbanites and 2/5 of rural Germans perished Entire areas were depopulated Entire areas were depopulated

Germany Thousands of refugees Thousands of refugees Disease: typhus, dysentery, plague, syphilis Disease: typhus, dysentery, plague, syphilis

Late 16 th early 17 th Centuries an economic crisis in all of Europe Inflation due to silver coming in from S. America Inflation due to silver coming in from S. America Problems worse in Germany than anywhere else Problems worse in Germany than anywhere else Losses in agriculture, livestock, trade Losses in agriculture, livestock, trade Transportation routes had shifted during the war Transportation routes had shifted during the war

Population decrease Caused labor to be more costly Caused labor to be more costly Nobles bought up small landholdings and created large estates Nobles bought up small landholdings and created large estates Some areas saw the rise of new serfdom Some areas saw the rise of new serfdom

The Question: Compare the sixteenth-century Hapsburg-Valois struggle and treaty to the seventeenth-century conflict between the Hapsburgs and the Bourbons and that treaty. In what ways were they different? In what ways were they alike? Compare the sixteenth-century Hapsburg-Valois struggle and treaty to the seventeenth-century conflict between the Hapsburgs and the Bourbons and that treaty. In what ways were they different? In what ways were they alike?