The Decline of Rome and the Coming of the Dark Ages My voice sticks in my throat…and sobs choke my utterance. The City which had taken the whole world.

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Presentation transcript:

The Decline of Rome and the Coming of the Dark Ages My voice sticks in my throat…and sobs choke my utterance. The City which had taken the whole world was itself taken - Jerome, 410 CE

Emperor Qin 221 BCE

Germanic “nations”

1. Romanized tribes Celts / Gauls / Britons 2. Romance & Germanic languages

3. “Imperial” Germans Battle of Teutoburg Forest, 9 CE “Imperial” Germans - Weregeld - oaths Comitatus

1. “The Scourge of God” - the Huns

2. Valens and the Visigoths Battle of Adrianople 378 Theodosius - foederati

3. Alaric Honorius & the last defense of the West - Sack of Rome 410 Each community decides what will make it happy, and when each gets what it wants, it lives with the con- sequences of its choice. - Augustine, The City of God

1. Battle of Châlons Flavius Aëtius 2. Fused aristocracies - German security - Gallo-Roman titles Letters of Sidonius

3. Origins of serfdom - tax reform

1. Theodric & the Ostrogoths Boethius Consolation of Philosophy Cassiodorus Greek to Latin translations Anno Domini - Jerome “Vulgate”

1. Byzantine Empire preserves Roman / Western ideals for 1000 years 2. Feudal system provides social continuity 3. “Romanized” Germans maintain links to Rome

4. City of God ca. 411 CE city of God (Christianity) endures city of Man (Rome) is falling

* Augustine argues for universal salvation… BUT, must be a member of the Church - would give Roman Church unrivaled power and legitimacy for the next 1000 years

By 500, the western half of the Roman Empire was under the control of Germanic chieftains… …but at the local level society still governed by Roman laws and aristocrats

Dominance of the Church Political / cultural diversification - Germanic Kingdoms Roman-Germanic fusion - “European” civilization

1. Clovis & the Merovingians - Patrice pagan or Arian?

2. Language, law & class - Latin and Francia “Romance” - source of law leges barbarorum

1. Slavery - Manorial system 2. Serfdom - marriage depended on permission

3. Christian / peasant culture - blending pagan/Christian rituals - status of women - the Church and power

1. Land (Roman) and warfare (German) 2. Liege-lord grants fiefs - Germanic loyalty - vassal serves lord in exchange for fief

3. Aristocratic women - non-primogeniture

4. Pursuit of honor - “quest” myths Beowulf - 8th Century - Nordic; pagan mysticism - oral tradition; Old English - written down by Christian scribe

Between , Germanic tribes establish kingdoms in the West based on Roman land- use patterns and Germanic customs Lombards – divided Italy Visigoths – religious strife Angles/Saxons – Britons

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