Carbohydrates & Cell Energy Honors Biology ch 4 & 15

Biosphere: The spacetime that life inhabits Autotrophs: Convert light energy into chemical energy Ex: plants, algae, & bacteria

Matter (Carbon) cycles through the biosphere

Carbon is an element: 4 valence electrons Ability to make 4 stable covalent bonds

Macromolecules are large organic carbon compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Monosaccharide Simple (one sugar) carbohydrates ex: glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Polysaccharide Complex carbohydrates ex: starches (C 1n H 2n O 1n )

Biological Functions: Short term energy Structural support Cell tags (antennae) Human Acquisition: Grains Fruits

Plants: Cellulose, Sucrose, Fructose… Animals: Glycogen, Chitin…

How are these molecules constructed in the biosphere

Light energy CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 (Carbon dioxide) (water)(glucose) (oxygen)

Light energy CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 (Carbon dioxide) (water)(glucose) (oxygen)

Plant Organs: Leaves are responsible for photosynthesis Plant Cells: Contain chloroplast organelles

Stroma: Fluid inside the chloroplast Thylakoid: Saclike structure that contains chlorophyll

Pigment that absorbs light energy

Very complex molecular process: matter cycles and energy flows

Stage 1: Light Dependent Reactions (thylakoid) Water is split apart by light & Oxygen is produced Stage 2: Light Independent Reactions (stroma) Carbon dioxide is fixed into Glucose

Light dependent reaction: hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/ / /bio13.swf::Photosynthetic%20Electron%20Transport%20and%20ATP%20Synthesis hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/ / /bio13.swf::Photosynthetic%20Electron%20Transport%20and%20ATP%20Synthesis Light Independent Animation hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/chapter5/animation_quiz_1.html hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/chapter5/animation_quiz_1.html Photosynthesis Rap _mode=1 _mode=1

Aerobic

Autotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy CO2 + H2O + light energy  C 6 H 12 O 6 + O2

Process that converts glucose energy into ATP energy Occurs in ALL living cells

Adenosine Triphosphate is a usable form of cell energy

Type 1: Aerobic Respiration Requires O 2 Type 2: Anaerobic Respiration Does not require O 2

Chemical process which occurs in the Mitochondria C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP

Matrix: Fluid inside the mitochondrion Cristae: Internal membrane in the mitochondrion

Stage 1 Glycolysis (cytoplasm) C 6 H 12 O 6 is broken down into smaller carbon molecules Stage 2 Krebs Cycle (matrix) Smaller carbon molecules are broken down into CO 2

Stage 3 Oxidative Phosphorylation (Cristae) O2, E-, & H+ from Stage 1 & 2 make ATP molecules

Start with Chemical Energy (Glucose) Convert to Usable Chemical Energy (many ATP) Use ATP and release Heat Energy

Animation: ontent/cellularrespiration.html ontent/cellularrespiration.html Rap:

Anaerobic

Process that converts glucose energy into ATP energy Occurs in ALL living cells Type 1: Aerobic Respiration Requires O 2 Type 2: Anaerobic Respiration Does not require O 2

Many organisms live without O2 and/or mitochondria

Chemical process which produces ATP without O2 Stage 1 Glycolysis Glucose  smaller carbon molecules Stage 2 Lactic Acid Fermentation C 6 H 12 O 6  C 2 H 5 OH + CO 2 + ATP OR Stage 2 Alcoholic Fermentation C 6 H 12 O 6  CH 3 CHOHCOOH + ATP