1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION

2. Energy Flow Light from the sun is our ultimate source of energy Autotrophs take energy from the sun and turn it into chemical energy via Photosynthesis Plants convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates Organisms take in carbohydrates and convert to it ATP (usable energy) via Cellular Respiration

3. Photosynthesis CO 2 + H 2 O + Light energy Glucose + O 2 + H 2 O

4. Cellular Respiration Glucose + O2 + H2O O2 + H2O + Usable Energy (36 ATP)

5. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration are opposite processes…

7. Photosynthesis Occurs in the Chloroplast of green plants Contains Chlorophyll  a pigment needed to absorb light and begin photosynthesis Occurs in a series of steps: 1. Light Reactions 2. Calvin Cycle

8. Photosynthesis Processes STEP 1: LIGHT REACTION Chlorophyll molecules within the chloroplast trap light and convert its energy to ATP STEP 2: CALVIN CYCLE Carbon atoms from CO 2 get recombined to form glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) with the help of ATP

10. Cellular Respiration Process in which chemical energy stored in glucose (carbohydrates) is turned into usable energy (ATP) 2 Types: 1. Aerobic  uses O2 and produces a lot of ATP 2. Anaerobic  no O2 used and produces little ATP

11. Aerobic Cellular Respiration Occurs in 2 stages: 1. Glycolysis  breakdown of glucose into smaller molecules of pyruvate (C 3 H 6 O 3 )  Occurs in the cytoplasm  Produces 2 ATP 2. Oxidative Phosphorylation  production of ATP from the breakdown of pyruvate  Occurs in the mitochondria  Produces 34 ATP

12. Creating usable energy: ADP  ATP Adenosine Diphosphate  Adenosine Triphosphate Phosphorylation

13. The Mitochondrion Site of oxidative phosphorylation Produces 34 ATP for 1 glucose molecule Powerhouse Mitochondrial cell membranes contain proteins vital to ATP production

14. Anaerobic Respiration When O2 is not available, ATP may still be produced via Fermentation 2 Types of Fermentation: 1. Ethanol  occurs in yeast 2. Lactic Acid  occurs in humans

15. Ethanol Fermentation 1. Glucose enters Glycolosis (produces 2 ATP) and produces pyruvate 2. Breakdown of pyruvate into ethanol Occurs in the Cytoplasm Used in breads, wine, beer production

16. Lactic Acid Fermentation 1. Glycolysis – breakdown of glucose  pyruvate (2 ATP) 2. Enzymes in the cytoplasm breakdown pyruvate into lactate Occurs when oxygen is not readily available (exercise) Accumulation of lactic acid causes soreness, stiffness and fatigue