2. Chapter 8 Photosynthesis *You need to write only what is in white.

3. What you know All living things are made of cells All cells contain DNA Eukaryotes have a nucleus and many organelles within their cells Organelles need energy Plants make energy from the sun Other organisms consume energy Mitochondria convert energy

4. Energy and Life Energy is the ability to do work Cars, appliances, lights, and computers depend on energy to function Living things require energy, too Even as we sleep, energy is being used!

5. Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Some organisms, such as plants can make their own food by using the sun’s energy What are these organisms called? Autotrophs, or producers Other organisms obtain energy from food they consume What are these organisms called Heterotrophs, or consumers

6. Forms of Energy Energy comes in many forms, such as electrical, light, heat, and chemical. Living things use chemical fuels. One of the principal chemical compounds that cells use to store and release energy is called adenosine triphosphate, or ATP.

8. ADP, or adenosine diphosphate is another compound that has 2 phosphate groups instead of 3.

9. Stored Energy vs. Released Energy When living things store energy, a phosphate group is added to an ADP molecule, making it ATP. When energy is needed, the bond is broken between the 2 nd and 3 rd phosphates, and energy is released. ATP powers many activities in the cell including active transport, synthesis of proteins, and moving organelles through the cell.

10. Overview of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy sugars and oxygen. The sugars are then converted into complex carbohydrates such as starches. What plant organelle carries out photosynthesis? Chloroplasts

11. Light and Pigment Plants gather the sun’s energy with light absorbing molecules called pigment. The primary pigment is called chlorophyll. What is the equation for photosynthesis? 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2

12. Inside a Chloroplast Saclike membranes called thylakoids Arranged into stacks called grana Space surrounding the stacks is called stroma

14. Photosynthesis occurs in two parts: Light-dependant reactions, which occurs in the thylakoids. Calvin cycle (light independent reactions), takes place in the stroma Remember: Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy sugars.

15. Review

16. What organelle in the cell carries out the process of photosynthesis? Chloroplast

17. What organelle in the cell converts the glucose molecule into ATP? Mitochondria

18. What must occur to change ATP to ADP? The bonds between the 2 nd and 3 rd phosphate groups must be broken, energy is released.

19. What are organisms that make their own food called? Autotrophs

20. What are organisms that cannot make their own food called? Heterotrophs

21. What are the components of an ATP molecule? Adenine Ribose Phosphates

22. ATP is the abbreviation for what molecule? Adenosine Triphosphate

23. Cellular Respiration Chapter 9

24. Cellular Respiration – The process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

25. Occurs in three stages: Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain

26. Glycolysis One molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. Occurs in the cytoplasm.

27. Krebs Cycle Pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of reactions. Energy is produced in the form of NADH, FADH 2, and ATP. Occurs in the mitochondria.

28. Electron Transport Chain Uses high-energy electrons produced in the Krebs Cycle to convert ADP into ATP. Occurs in the mitochondria. The total process of cellular respiration makes 36 molecules of ATP per 1 molecule of glucose.