1. Cells and Energy Chapter 4 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration 4.6 Fermentation

2. Chemical Energy and ATP ATP is needed for ALL processes in the cell ATP is needed for ALL processes in the cell Molecules in food like starch, sugars, and fats store energy in the bonds Molecules in food like starch, sugars, and fats store energy in the bonds Starch molecule Glucose molecule

3. ATP, ADP, AMP (forms of energy) T = Tri= Three D = Di- Two M = Mono= One ATP- fully charged ADP- half charged AMP- uncharged ADPATP Energy Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate A = Adenosine (nitrogenous base) P = Phosphate

4. ATP transfers the energy from food to the cell function ATP transfers the energy from food to the cell function Break bonds – Release energy Break bonds – Release energy ATP  ADP + P ATP  ADP + P Form bonds – store energy Form bonds – store energy ADP + P  ATP ADP + P  ATP

5. Where does ATP come from? Living things have to break down carbon compounds to make ATP Living things have to break down carbon compounds to make ATP We digest food : break down to carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins We digest food : break down to carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins Lipids 146 ATP Carbohydrates = 36 ATP Proteins- usually broken down into amino acids - about the same amt of ATP as carbs

6. Plants don’t eat… How do plants get their food? How do plants get their food? PHOTOSYNTHESIS! PHOTOSYNTHESIS! Process by which plants convert LIGHT ENERGY into CHEMICAL ENERGY (sugars) LIGHT  FOOD

7. How does one get energy? Autotroph: Make their own food Autotroph: Make their own food Heterotroph: need to CONSUME food Heterotroph: need to CONSUME food Chemoautotroph: Do not Eat. Do not go through Photosynthesis. CHEMOSYNTHESIS - use CHEMICAL ENERGY to make ATP. Chemoautotroph: Do not Eat. Do not go through Photosynthesis. CHEMOSYNTHESIS - use CHEMICAL ENERGY to make ATP. Live near cracks of ocean floor Live near cracks of ocean floor Energy comes from chemicals Energy comes from chemicals Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Video Video Video

8. Section 4.1 Review What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph? What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph? How are ADP and ATP related? How are ADP and ATP related? What is the use of chemicals for a source of energy known as? What is the use of chemicals for a source of energy known as? Autotroph—makes own food Heterotroph—needs to eat food ADP is missing a phosphate (and energy) ATP has all 3 phosphate and lots of energy They go back and forth Chemosynthesis

9. 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis Producers make their own food Producers make their own food Plants are producers. Plants are producers. Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to make sugars. Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to make sugars. Light + carbon dioxide + waterglucose + oxygen

10. Where does photosynthesis happen? Chloroplast! Go inside a chloroplast. Find a Thylakoid – disc-like structure Inside the thylakoid - Chlorophyll is a molecule that absorbs light energy.

11. Two Processes of Photosynthesis Light Dependent Reaction Light Dependent Reaction Calvin Cycle or light independent reaction or dark reactions Calvin Cycle or light independent reaction or dark reactions

12. Overview of Photosynthesis Light Dependent Reaction 1.Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight. Water is broken down Water is broken down Oxygen is released Oxygen is released 2. Oxygen leaves the plant and goes into the air 3.ATP and NADPH are made to FUEL the Calvin cycle (Light independent reactions or also known as the dark reactions) Calvin Cycle Light Independent Dark reactions 1. CO 2 is added to a cycle of reactions to build larger molecules ( ATP and NADPH are used) 2.A molecule of simple sugar is formed Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Sunlight + 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

13. Overview Light Dependent Reaction Calvin Cycle H 2 O (Water) O 2 (Oxygen) CO 2 Carbon dioxide ATP NADPH Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6

14. Section 4.2 Review What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis? What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis? What goes into the light reactions? What comes out as a waste product? What is given off that is needed to power the Calvin Cycle. What goes into the light reactions? What comes out as a waste product? What is given off that is needed to power the Calvin Cycle. What goes into the dark reactions? What comes out as a useful product? What else comes out that is needed for the light reactions? What goes into the dark reactions? What comes out as a useful product? What else comes out that is needed for the light reactions? Absorbs energy from sunlight IN: light and water Waste OUT: Oxygen OUT: ATP and NAPDH IN: CO 2, ATP and NADPH OUT Product: Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) OUT: ADP and NADP+

15. 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration There is LOTS of energy available in GLUCOSE-- FOOD. There is LOTS of energy available in GLUCOSE-- FOOD. If all the energy in food was released at once, you would blow up! If all the energy in food was released at once, you would blow up! Energy has to be released and CAPTURED- a little bit at a time Energy has to be released and CAPTURED- a little bit at a time Requirements: OXYGEN! Requirements: OXYGEN! Where? In the mitochondria Where? In the mitochondria mitochondrion animal cell

16. Big Picture GLUCOSE Then With oxygen Aerobic Respiration Without oxygen Fermentation Alcoholic Lactic Acid Glycolysis Not a lot of ATP made

17. Glycolysis- splitting sugar First Step First Step anaerobic process (does not require oxygen) anaerobic process (does not require oxygen) takes place in cytoplasm takes place in cytoplasm splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules produces some ATP molecules in the process produces some ATP molecules in the process

18. If there IS Oxygen: Two Stages of Cellular Respiration Occur 1. Krebs cycle O 2 is required O 2 is required Breaks up the compounds from Glycolysis Breaks up the compounds from Glycolysis Makes some ATP Makes some ATP Makes more molecules that carry energy to send to the ETC Makes more molecules that carry energy to send to the ETC Produces CO 2 Produces CO 2 2. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) O 2 Required O 2 Required Makes LOTS of ATP Makes LOTS of ATP H 2 O made as waste product H 2 O made as waste product

20. Cellular Respiration: Mirror Image of Photosynthesis

21. Overview Glycolysis With Oxygen Without Oxygen Cellular Respiration 1. Kreb’s Cycle 2. Electron Transport Chain Fermentation Alcoholic or Lactic Acid

22. If there is NO Oxygen?? Fermentation occurs Fermentation occurs No ATP is made. No ATP is made.

23. Fermentation  Two types  _______________ fermentation (Products: CO 2 and Alcohol)  __________ ________ fermentation (Product: Lactic acid) Alcoholic Lactic acid

24. Section 4.4 Review—Part A Where does glycolysis take place? Where does glycolysis take place? What goes into glycolysis? What comes out of glycolysis? What goes into glycolysis? What comes out of glycolysis? Why does fermentation occur? Why does fermentation occur? What are the two different types of fermentation? What are the two different types of fermentation? Cytoplasm IN: GlucoseOUT: 2 ATP & 2 - 3 carbon molecules No oxygen present; to allow for glycolysis to continue Lactic acidAlcoholic

25. Section 4.4 Review—Part B Where does Cellular respiration take place? Where does Cellular respiration take place? What goes into the Kreb’s cycle? What comes out? What goes into the Kreb’s cycle? What comes out? What goes into electron transport? What comes out? What goes into electron transport? What comes out? How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related? How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related? Mitochondria IN: 3 carbon moleculesOUT: ATP, CO 2 IN: Energy Storing compounds and Oxygen OUT: Water and ATP!!! Reactants of one are basically the products of the other