1. All cells need chemical energy
Cell Energy = ATP
ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate

2. Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed.
ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions.
Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed.
ADP – adenosine diphosphate
ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added.
triphosphate
adenosine
diphosphate
tri=3
di=2

3. Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds
Starch molecule
Glucose molecule

4. Fats store the most energy.
80 percent of the energy in your body
about 146 ATP from a triglyceride
Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP

5. Autotroph - manufacture own food
Heterotroph – rely on other sources for E
Autotroph - manufacture own food
most use photosynthesis
converts sunlight into chemical E
chemical E is stored in the form of sugars

6. A few autotrophs do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy.
live in places that never get sunlight.
Chemosynthesis
uses chemical E (S) instead of light E to make food
Chemosynthetic bacteria – hydrothermal vents

8. Photosynthetic organisms are autotrophs = producers
4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis
Photosynthetic organisms are autotrophs = producers
Photosynthesis captures E from sunlight to make food – sugar
Glucose
All sugars end in -ose
2 phases of photosynthesis
light-dependent reactions
light-independent reactions

9. 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis
1. Visible spectrum – wavelengths the human eye can see
2. different colors have different wavelengths
3. Pigment - absorb specific wavelengths of light
crest
I I
wavelength
Trough

10. 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis
Why are Leaves Green?

11. 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis
Chloroplast contains pigments to capture light
Chlorophyll - reflects green light & absorb all others
Carotenoids – reflect orange light & absorbs all others
Anthocyanine – reflect purples and red light & absorbs all others

13. 4.3 Photosynthesis in Detail 4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis
The light-dependent reactions
chlorophyll absorbs E from sunlight
Photolysis – water molecules are split
H2O  H + O
Takes place in the thylakoids (grana)
Increase surface area to increase amount of H2O split
Oxygen is released as waste

14. 4.3 Photosynthesis in Detail
The light-independent reactions
Takes place in the Stroma – space between the thylakoids
needs carbon dioxide (CO2) from atmosphere
Calvin cycle - Carbon fixation
Use E and H from light dependent reaction to build a 6 carbon chain of sugar (glucose)
C6H12O6

15. 4.3. Photosynthesis in Detail
Sugar can be used, or stored as starch, and some is built into cellulose
We obtain E from plants by eating the stored sugar

16. 4.3 Photosynthesis in Detail
The equation for the overall process is:
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6
granum (stack of thylakoids)
thylakoid
sunlight
1 six-carbon sugar
6H2O
6CO2
6O2
chloroplast 1 2 4 3
energy
stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids)

17. Light Dependent
Light Independent

19. 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis - splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid)
C-C-C-C-C-C  C-C-C + C-C-C
Produces some ATP molecules
Takes place in cytoplasm

20. 1. Glycolysis 4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration
2. Aerobic Respiration
With O2
1. Glycolysis
2. Anaerobic Respiration
(Fermentation)
Without O2

21. energy from glycolysis
4.4 Overview of Cell Respiration
6H O 2
6CO 6O
mitochondrion
matrix (area enclosed
by inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis 1 4 3
and
Aerobic Respiration – with Oxygen
The Krebs cycle – Citric Acid Cycle
takes place in mitochondrial matrix
breaks down pyruvic acid
Krebs Cycle
makes a small amount of ATP
releases carbon dioxide

22. 4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail
Aerobic Respiration
2. The Electron Transport Chain
takes place on the cristae
Makes a large amount of ATP
Water is released as a waste product

23. 4.5 Cellular Respiration in Detail 4.4 Overview of Cell Respiration
The equation for the overall process is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
The reactants in Photosynthesis are the same as the products of Cellular Respiration
The reactants in Cellular Respiration are the same as the products of Photosynthesis

24. Anaerobic Respiration: Two Types
4.6 Fermentation
Anaerobic Respiration: Two Types
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation

25. 4.6 Fermentation Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells.
Glycolysis – Glucose  Pyruvate
Converts pyruvate  lactic acid
Muscle pain and weakness
Makes Yogurt and cheese

26. 4.6 Fermentation Alcoholic fermentation
Glycolysis – Glucose  Pyruvate
Split pyruvate  ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
Bread, Beer and Wine

28. Extra Credit
Create an alphabet picture book for middle school kids with ideas relating to cell biology
Due: Thursday Oct 30th