Ch. 3: India

3000 – 1500 B.C.: India’s First Civilizations: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Just like in Mesopotamia and Egypt, early civilization in India emerged in river valleys. Technology: Water & sewage systems, Trash collection

The Aryans 1500 BC: Group of Indo-European nomads moved in from north 3

The Aryans They conquered the Indus Valley civilization and extended their control throughout most of India

The Aryans Out of the clash between conqueror and conquered came a set of class divisions that has lasted in India. What is this called? Caste system

What do you think? Discuss with your neighbor where you think each social class fits  Servants, laborers Warriors Priests Farmers, merchants

The Aryans Caste System – set of rigid categories that determined a person’s occupation and position in society. A person was born into a certain caste and remained in that caste. emerged from divisions between conquerors (light skinned Aryans) and conquered (dark skinned Indus Valley) They looked down on their subjects, who were dark-skinned, even though the inhabitants of the Indus Valley were much more advanced.

Caste System Brahmans = priests Kshatriyas = warriors Vaisyas = commoners, merchants, farmers Sudras = peasants (Indus Valley peoples) Untouchables = considered inhuman

Hinduism How is the caste system reinforced by Hindu beliefs? Reincarnation justified the privileges of those on the higher end of the scale Reincarnation gave hope to those in the lower castes Reincarnation justified the privileges of those on the higher end of the scale Reincarnation gave hope to those in the lower castes

Religion in India What are two major world religions that originated in ancient India? Hinduism and Buddhism Hinduism, the world's oldest religion, has no beginning--it precedes recorded history. It has no human founder.

Hinduism Brahman – single force in the universe/god Ultimate goal is to find union with Brahman Yoga – meditation/training to achieve union Polytheistic – 100s of gods, but 3 main Brahma = creator Vishnu = preserver Siva = destroyer

Hinduism Reincarnation – belief that the individual soul is reborn in a different form after death. After a number of existences in the Earthly world, the soul reaches its final goal in a union with Brahman.

Hinduism Karma – force made by a person’s actions that determines how the person will be reborn in the next life Dharma – divine law, requires that all people do their duty People who fulfill their dharma earn good karma and may be reborn as persons of higher status

Buddhism Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (aka Buddha, The Enlightened One) around 500 BC. Siddhartha accepted reincarnation but rejected the caste system this appealed to the lower castes. The story of Buddha…

Buddhism Nirvana: By following the Buddha’s teachings, one can achieve Enlightenment and be freed from the cycle of reincarnation

Buddha’s teachings are the basic principles of Buddhism Four Noble Truths Eightfold Path (aka Middle Path)

Compare and Contrast . . . How are Buddhism and Hinduism similar and/or different? Use the Venn diagram to help form your answer.

Four Noble Truths Ordinary life is full of suffering. * “I’m so upset! I don’t have money for the iphone 6!” Suffering is caused by desire to satisfy ourselves. * “I want the iphone 6.” To end suffering, end desire for selfish goals. * In other words, if you don’t want the iphone 6, you won’t be upset about it. The way to end desire is to follow the Middle Path.

Buddhism Your task: Create a fictional story about a person following the “12-Steps” (Four Noble Truths and Eight-Fold Path)

Celebrate Freedom Week On your warm up sheet for today, answer the following question in a paragraph: If you had to give up one of the five freedoms from the First Amendment, which would it be and why? (Speech, Religion, Press, Assembly, Petition)

Ancient China

Ancient China: Dynasties Chinese civilization began with the Xia (pronounced SYAH) dynasty over 4000 years ago. Dynasty – a family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family Map of xia dynasty, river valleys

Shang dynasty: 1750-1122 B.C. Zhou dynasty: 1045-256 B.C. Qin dynasty: 221 – 206 B.C. Han dynasty: 202 BC – AD 220

Ancient China: Dynasties Pattern: New Dynasty establishes power Ruled successfully for many years Power of the central govt declines, giving rise to rebellions and invasion Dynasty collapsed, new dynasty takes over Dynasty Song!

Shang Dynasty (1750-1122 BC) Legacies Oracle bones Complex writing system Advanced bronze work One of the richest sources of evidence of the Shang dynasty comes from the ceremonial bronze work and oracle bones excavated from tombs, storage pits, and houses. The designs on the highly crafted bronze work reveal aspects of Shang religion wherein animal and other nature spirits, along with the spirits of family ancestors, determined the future. The ability to divine the will of the spirits was a great power. Generally, the king or a high-ranking adviser would write a question on an animal bone or a tortoise shell—often a query about the weather, travel, or war plans—and place it over a fire to make it crack; he then "read" the cracks to divine the answer from the ancestors. The inscriptions on bronze work and oracle bones display the Shang contributions to the characters that eventually constituted the written Chinese language.

Zhou Dynasty The Zhou Dynasty claimed that it ruled China because it possessed the Mandate of Heaven The Zhou king was given authority to rule from heaven If the king failed to rule effectively, he could be overthrown (loses the Mandate of Heaven) Natural disasters were commonly interpreted as macrocosmic imbalances, signs that the ruler was in heavenly disfavor. Indeed, macrocosmic disturbances, whether natural, political, or social, could function as reasons for the removal of the ruler. A ruler without the mandate of heaven was ultimately considered an impostor to office. This removal, it should be noted, was seen as the duty of the ministers of the court, not of the general populace—a call for replacement and not for revolution.

Qin dynasty (221-206 BC ) The Qin gained control during the period known as the “Era of Warring States” Qin (pronounced CHIN) dynasty was the first unified Chinese empire They adopted the ideas of legalism and imposed absolute rule over all people Map of

Qin dynasty (221-206 BC ) Nomadic peoples from Gobi (north) were a threat because they were skilled fighters on horseback What do you do??

Qin dynasty: Great Wall of China Northern Chinese states began to build walls Qin Shihuangdi ordered a wall to connect existing walls  start of the Great Wall of China http://www.history.com/topics/great-wall-of- china/videos/deconstructing-history-great-wall- of-china Pic of original wall – qin dynasty; However, modern wall was built about 1,500 years later

Qin Dynasty http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/exploreorg/china-terra-cotta-warriors-eorg?source=relatedvideo

Ancient China: Family Patriarchal Every family member had his or her place _________________ - Male dominated society considered so important because he was responsible for providing food for his family Patriarchal

Ancient China: Culture What is a philosophy? While Hindus and Buddhists focused on freeing the human soul from the cycle of rebirth, Chinese philosophers were more concerned about the immediate world in which people lived and how to create a stable order in that world. Belief system on the nature of human beings and the universe

Chinese Philosophies How should the people be ruled? Your Assignment: Fortune Cookie Messages

Positive Fortune Cookie Messages Write a positive message on the paper provided. Then fold it into an origami shape. There are instructions for a cat, penguin, and little packet. (If you know any origami, use that instead.) Turn it in once you are done!

Han dynasty (202 BC – AD 220) adopted Confucian ideas What Confucian ideas do you see represented here? Introduced civil service examination (government officials had to pass tests)

Chinese Philosophies Legalism Human beings are evil by nature. The only way people will follow the correct path is if they are threatened with punishment. A strong ruler creates an orderly society.

Review: Chinese Philosophies Daoism Let nature take its course. Do not spend time thinking about spiritual questions.

Review: Chinese Philosophies Confucianism The family and the community come before the individual. Everyone should follow the Five Constant Relationships: parent/child, husband/wife, older sibling/younger sibling, older friend/younger friend, ruler/subject. If you work hard to fulfill your duty, society will prosper. A ruler must follow the path of goodness. The people will respect him, and society will prosper. Government positions should be open to all superior men.

Han dynasty (202 BC – AD 220) Han dynasty adopted Confucian ideas Introduced civil service examination (government officials had to pass tests)

Filial Piety This painting depicts the ancient Chinese philosophy that even the mightiest general in the army is a loving father, husband and family man when he is home just like other men.

Indian Legacies Besides two major world religions, what are some legacies of ancient India? Science & Math First to use algebra Created the decimal system – increments of ten Provide this information on the notes, but do not cover it?

Indian Legacies Scientists known for astronomy, charted star movement, recognized Earth as a sphere, & believed Earth rotated on axis & revolved around the sun. Mathematicians introduced concept of zero.

Ancient China Silk Road – route between the Roman Empire and China; silk was China’s most valuable product