TENSE AGREEMENT INFINITIVES VOICE GERUNDS MOOD VERBS TENSE AGREEMENT INFINITIVES VOICE GERUNDS MOOD

VERBS VERBS SHOW ACTION OR STATE OF BEING RUN, SWIM, JUMP: ACTION APPEAR, BE, SEEM STATE OF BEING

PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB VERBS HAVE 4 BASIC FORMS PRESENT (TALK) PRESENT PARTICIPLE – VERB FUNCTIONING AS AN ADJECTIVE MODIFYING A NOUN OR PRONOUN ((IS) TALKING) PAST (TALKED) PAST PARTICIPLE ((HAS) TALKED)

REGULAR VERBS REGULAR VERBS ADD –ED OR –D TO THE PRESENT TENSE TO FORM THE PAST TENSE (SKIP AND SKIPPED) SPELLING ISSUES: ADDING VOWEL SUFFIX TO “Y” OR SILENT “E”, DROP THE “E” AMAZE + ING = AMAZING, EXCEPTION CHANGEABLE ADDING CONSONANT SUFFIX, KEEP THE “E” LATE + LY = LATELY, EXCEPTION TRULY

SPELLING CONTINUED “A” OR “O” SUFFIX “E” STAYS WHEN IT HAS A SOFT “C” OR SOFT “G” SOUND BRIDGE + ABLE = BRIDGEABLE, PEACE + ABLE = PEACEABLE VOWEL SUFFIX TO “EE” OR “OO”, SILENT “E” RETAINED AGREE + ING = AGREEING

SPELLING CONTINUED SUFFIX (EXCEPT FOR ING) TO WORD ENDING IN “Y” PRECEDED BY A CONSONANT, CHANGE Y TO I EASY + EST = EASIEST, EXCEPTION DRYNESS EMPTY + ING = EMPTYING SUFFIX TO WORD ENDING IN “Y” PRECEDED BY A VOWEL, Y DOESN’T CHANGE PLAY + ER = PLAYER, EXCEPTION DAILY

SPELLING CONTINUED ONE-SYLLABLE WORDS ENDING IN CONSONANT, PRECEDED BY VOWEL (-ED OR –ING) 1+1+1 WORDS DIP + ED = DIPPED DOES NOT APPLY TO WORDS ENDING IN CONSONANT PRECEDED BY TWO VOWELS FEEL + ING = FEELING

SPELLING CONTINUED MORE THAN ONE SYLLABLE WORDS DOUBLE THE FINAL CONSONANT WHEN THE WORD ENDS WITH ONE CONSONANT PRECEDED BY A VOWEL AND ACCENTED ON THE LAST SYLLABLE BEGIN + ING = BEGINNING REFER + ENCE = REFERENCE (ACCENT SHIFTS)

IRREGULAR VERBS PRESENT PAST PAST PARTICIPLE HIT (HAVE) HIT CATCH CAUGHT (HAVE) CAUGHT DRINK DRANK (HAVE) DRUNK BREAK BROKE (HAVE) BROKEN GO WENT (HAVE) GONE

VERB TENSES VERB TENSE – WHEN THE ACTION HAPPENED

PRESENT TENSE PRESENT ACTION I ACE TESTS. ACTION THAT HAPPENS OVER AND OVER SCIENTIFIC FACTS AND OTHER THINGS THAT ARE ALWAYS TRUE HEADLINES LITERATURE

PAST TENSE ACTION OCCURRED IN THE PAST I ACED THE TEST.

FUTURE TENSE ACTION WILL OCCUR IN THE FUTURE WILL OR SHALL I WILL ACE THE TEST.

PRESENT PERFECT ACTION WAS COMPLETED AT ONE OR MORE INDEFINITE TIMES IN THE PAST ACTION BEGAN IN THE PAST AND CONTINUES IN THE PRESENT HAVE OR HAS + PRESENT PARTICIPLE I HAVE BEEN ACING THE TEST.

PAST PERFECT SHOWS ACTION OR CONDITION IN THE PAST PRECEDED ANOTHER PAST ACTION OR CONDITION HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE I HAD ACED THE TEST.

FUTURE PERFECT SHOWS ACTION OR CONDITION IN THE FUTURE WILL PRECEDE ANOTHER FUTURE ACTION OR CONDITION WILL HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE I WILL HAVE ACED THE TEST.

PROGRESSIVE VERBS EXPRESS AN EVENT IN PROGRESS SHE WAS READING A BOOK WHEN THE LIGHTS WENT OUT. SIX PROGRESSIVE FORMS ADD TENSE OF VERB “BE” WITH THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE FREQUENTLY USED WITH AN ADVERB OF TIME TO INDICATE FUTURE ACTION I WILL BE STUDYING NEXT WEEK.

PROGRESSIVE VERBS PRESENT PROGRESSIVE WE ARE SMILING PAST PROGRESSIVE WE WERE SMILING FUTURE PROGRESSIVE WE WILL BE SMILING PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE WE HAVE BEEN SMILING PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE WE HAD BEEN SMILING FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE WE WILL HAVE BEEN SMILING

EMPHATIC GIVES SPECIAL FORCE TO A VERB USED ONLY IN PRESENT AND PAST TENSE COMMONLY USED TO CORRECT OR CONTRADICT I DO EAT PIZZA! WHEN I WAS A KID, WOW, DID I EAT PIZZA. DO I EAT PIZZA? DID I REALLY EAT 25 PIZZAS? I DO NOT EAT GREEN, LEAFY VEGETABLES—ONLY PIZZA. HOWEVER, I DID NOT EAT ALL 25 PIZZAS BY MYSELF.

ACTIVE VERSUS PASSIVE VOICE THE BALL WAS HIT. (BY WHOM) PASSIVE TUCKER HIT THE BALL. ACTIVE CIGARETTE TAXES WILL BE RAISED. CONGRESS WILL RAISE TAXES ON CIGARETTES.

WHEN TO USE PASSIVE VOICE THE DOER OF THE ACTION IS NOT IMPORTANT OR NOT KNOWN. SCHOOL WAS CANCELLED TODAY! (WHO CARES WHO CANCELLED IT) YOU WANT TO BE POLITE, AVOID SOUNDING BOSSY, OR TO SOFTEN A STRONG STATEMENT. YOUR APPLICATION WAS REJECTED.

PASSIVE VOICE YOU WANT TO EMPHASIZE THE THING YOU’RE TALKING ABOUT, NOT THE PERSON WHO DOES THE ACTION THIS BIG BLUE RIBBON WILL BE GIVEN TO THE WINNER. YOU ARE WRITING IN AN IMPERSONAL, SCIENTIFIC MANNER THE MICE WERE SEPARATED INTO TWO GROUPS.

MOOD INDICATIVE – USE TO MAKE STATEMENTS OR ASK QUESTIONS MR. GREEN IS MY TEACHER. SUBJUNCTIVE – USE TO EXPRESS A WISH OR STATE A CONDITION THAT IS CONTRARY TO FACT I WISH MR. GREEN WERE MY TEACHER.

MOOD IMPERATIVE – USE TO MAKE A REQUEST OR GIVE A COMMAND. ONLY USE THE PRESENT TENSE. REMEMBER TO CALL YOUR SISTER. PLEASE DO IT SOON.