1. Verbs
Grammar Unit 4

2. Verbs Verb: expresses action, a condition, or a state of being.
Action verb: tells what the subject does, whether physically or mentally.
Shayla eats lunch at noon everyday.
Linking verb: connects the subject to a word in the predicate.
Lucía was afraid during the movie.
Helping Verb: help the main verb express action or show time; form a verb phrase.
I have seen the Grand Canyon.

3. Linking Verbs vs. Helping Verbs
Sample Verbs
Forms of be
Be, is, am, are, was, were, been, being
Expressing Conditions
Look, smell, feel, sound, taste, grow, appear, become, seem
Common Helping Verbs
Sample Verbs
Forms of have
Has, have, had
Forms of do
Do, does, did
Forms of be
Be, is, am, are, was, were, been, being
Others
Could, should, would, may, might, must, can, shall, will

4. Review: Direct Objects vs. Indirect Objects
Direct Object: who or what receives the action
I sent my grandma a birthday card.
Indirect Object: who or what receives the direct object (to whom/for whom?)
If the preposition “to” comes before a word, that word is not considered an indirect object.

5. Transitive Verbs vs. Intransitive Verbs
Transitive Verb: an action verb that has a direct object.
She buys her children the gifts.
(What does she buy?)
Intransitive Verb: an action verb that does not have a direct object.
He runs quickly.

6. Predicate Noun vs. Predicate Adjective
Subject Complement: the word after a linking verb that identifies or describes the subject.
Predicate Noun: noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and identifies, renames or defines the subject.
The chef is a woman.
Predicate Adjective: adjective that follows a linking verb and describes or modifies the subject.
The chef looks interesting.

7. Principle Parts of Verbs
There are four principle tenses of every verb:
The present (he talks)
The present participle (he is talking)
The past (he talked)
The past participle (he has talked)
The past tenses of regular verbs are formed by adding “-ed” or “-d” to the end of the present tense. The present participle is formed by adding “-ing” to the present tense.

8. Principle Parts of Verbs (Continued)
Present
(Verb)
Present Participle
(am/is/are
verb + ing)
Past
(verb
+ ed)
Past Participle
(have/has
verb + ed)
play
is playing
played
has played
bark
is barking
barked
has barked
cook
is cooking
cooked
has cooked

9. Irregular Verbs
Irregular verbs have past tenses that are not formed by adding “-ed” or “-d” to the present tense. There are five different groups of irregular verbs.
Group 1
The forms of the present, past and past participle are the same
Group 2
The forms of the past and past participle are the same.
Group 3
The past participle is formed by adding “-n” or “-en” to the past.
Group 4
The past participle is formed from the present, often adding “-n”,
“-en” or “-ne”.
Group 5
The last vowel changes from “i” in the present to “a” in the past and to “u” in the past participle.

10. Examples of Irregular Verbs
Present
Past
Past Participle
Group 1
burst
(have) burst
Group 2
bring
brought
(has) brought
Group 3
break
broke
(have) broken
Group 4 do
did
(have) done
Group 5
begin
began
(have) begun

11. Simple Tenses Present Progressive Past Progressive Future Progressive
Present Tense: action or condition that occurs now.
I eat cereal.
Present Progressive
I am eating cereal.
Past Tense: action or condition that was completed in the past.
I ate cereal.
Past Progressive
I was eating cereal.
Future Tense: action or condition that will occur in the future.
I will eat cereal.
Future Progressive
I will be eating cereal.

12. Perfect Tenses
Present Perfect: action or condition that started in the past and continues into the present.
Past Perfect: action or condition in the past that came before another action or condition in the past.
Future Perfect: action or condition in the future that will occur before another action or condition in the future.

13. Perfect Tenses (Continued)
Singular
Plural
Present Perfect
(has/have + past participle)
I have eaten
You have eaten
He/she has eaten
We have eaten
You (all) have eaten
They have eaten
Past Perfect
(had + past participle)
I had eaten
You had eaten
He/she had eaten
We had eaten
You (all) had eaten
They had eaten
Future Perfect
(will have + past participle)
I will have eaten
You will have eaten
He/she will have eaten
We will have eaten
You (all) will have eaten
They will have eaten