Unit IV: The Grandeur That Was Rome Outcome 4.1: Students should be able to • Explain the geographic factors which influenced developments in the Italian peninsula. Outcome 4.2: Students should be able to • Identify the factors which explain Rome's success in extending its control over the Italian peninsula and subsequently the Mediterranean world.

ROME – QUIZ #1 • Identify the factors which explain Rome's success in extending its control over the Italian peninsula and subsequently the Mediterranean world.

4 Key Factors Geographic Economic/The Punic Wars Political/Social Military/The Punic Wars

I. Geographic Factors Mountains to the north and east initially protect the city from invasion, as does the Mediterranean sea. Hills around Rome include rivers= fresh water Strategically located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea As the city grows, colonies are founded – where? Large supply of volcanic ash and limestone to make a type of concrete for building More forest area than Greece = good for building

II. Economic Factors As the city grows, cannot produce enough food to supply itself – must secure trade routes at sea! Punic Wars with Carthage – Carthage controlled Sicily and had a large navy which threatened trade in the Mediterranean (as well as the potential to invade Italy

III. Political/Social Factors Influences from Greeks and Etruscans Established a Republic following defeat of the Etruscans – unwilling to allow themselves to be ruled by another group – will of the populace. Rome made peace with conquered peoples and allowed them to keep local customs and most land. Conquered peoples given citizenship – became Romans.

IV. Military Factors With the defeat of Carthage came compulsory military service for some Professionalization of Army after Punic Wars – paid soldiers. Army becomes huge – soldiering becomes a profession – army is an instrument of the state Allowed Romans to control the Italian Peninsula and eventually the Mediterranean world Punic Wars victory solidified Roman control over the Western Mediterranean

The Second Punic War From Spain he marched 40,000 infantry, 8000 cavalry, & 60 battle elephants over the Alps (mountain barrier to Italy). Within two months he conquered all of Northern Italy.

The Second Punic War Once in Italy he was almost unstoppable. He defeated the Romans at the Trebia River, & Lake Trasimene.

Hannibal vs. Fabius Rome turns to a military leader name Fabius Fabius was asked to become dictator Romans called him "The Delayer” eventually removed him from power Believed that Hannibal lacked equipment for a prolonged siege and any delay would hurt the Carthaginian food supply. Fabius’s methods were too slow for the majority of Romans. 2 consuls replaced Fabius—bad military leaders (Paulus and Varro) sent 80 000 soldiers against Hannibal--vastly outnumbering the Carthaginian army Hannibal had a force of 40,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry

The Battle of Cannae In Southern Italy he defeated the Romans at the Battle of Cannae. Cannae Video

Battle of Cannae It was a brilliant strategy of false retreat followed by attack & conquer. Roman losses: 55,000 killed including 80 senators and Consul Paulus, 10,000 captured. Hannibal loses fewer than 6,000

Rome Fights Back Before attacking Rome he needed reinforcements. He sent his brother, Hasdrubal. The Romans intercepted his messengers. After learning the location of his armies they crushed them & delivered Hastrubal's head to Hannibal.

The Second Punic War Hannibal was at Rome's doorstep without siege equipment, or reinforcements from Spain. In Spain the Carthaginians were losing a counter invasion led by the Roman General Scipio. Scipio conquered all of Spain and Hannibal retreated to protect Carthage. In spite of winning every battle he lost the war.

The Second Punic War He was defeated at the battle of Zama by Scipio. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9cqlx5CkCk&feature=related Carthage surrendered and Rome secured the western Mediterranean Hannibal committed suicide when assassins followed him into exile.

The Second Punic War Four reasons Hannibal lost the war: 1) No siege equipment for Rome's walls 2) Rome's allies were too loyal to join him 3) Carthage didn't get reinforcements through 4) The Romans never gave up

3rd Punic War 149-146 BC 200-150 BC, Carthage recovered prosperity through commerce, but still militarily weak. Romans fear revival of Carthage; demand they move inland from the coast of Africa The Roman Senate declared war, and Rome attacked the city itself. After a siege, the Romans stormed the town and the army went from house to house slaughtering the inhabitants. Carthaginians who weren't killed were sold into slavery. The harbor and the city was demolished, and all the surrounding countryside was sown with salt in order to render it uninhabitable.

The Punic Wars -- Results Rome develops naval control of the Mediterranean Professionalized army (year-round paid soldiers) Need for strategic military commanders to maintain dominance of expanding lands (Scipio needed to defeat Hannibal) More tax income and resources generated from expanded territory

The Punic Wars -- Results Soldiers need retirement funds and lands Rise of the military commanders who will look after their men = more success for commander = better legions Powerful military leaders arise: Marius, Sulla, Crassus, Pompey, Caesar Power shift from loyalty to the state to loyalty to one’s commander Powerful Generals use this to their advantage