I. The Roman Republic Senatus Populusque Romanus

A. Geography & Resources a. Italy & Sicily: crossroads of the Mediterranean… link between Africa & Europe b. natural resources: rivers, forests, iron, mild climate, arable land

B. Influence of Etruscans: -writing -religion -art -the arch

Etruscan Military

Etruscan Art

C. A Republic of Farmers (753–31 BCE) 2. Kingship eliminated (507 BCE): representatives of landholders overthrew king & established a republic -2 Consuls (governed) -the Senate (made laws) -Assemblies (less power) 3. paterfamilias: family controlled by oldest living male 1. Romulus & Remus nursed by a she-wolf... 753 BCE: Romulus kills Remus became 1st Roman king

D. Patricians & Plebeians Two hereditary social classes: patricians: political power & provided military plebians: shopkeepers & artisans toga: garment of the roman citizen Patrician Order Plebian Order Slaves (33%)

E. Res publica Romana 1. 2 Consuls (executive branch), one chief of civil affairs and one military leader ; one year terms 2. Senate: created “decrees of the senate” and composed of heads of patrician families 3. Tribal Assembly: made up of plebian tribes

Military service and Lieutenants Rank Roman Government: All offices are one year terms Consul Dictator Maius Imperium WHAP Praetor Aedile Tribune of Plebeians Patrician Path Queastor Plebeian Path Military service and Lieutenants Rank

The 12 Tables (450 BCE) -laws providing political & social rights for plebeians

The Roman Forum

F. Roman Society 1. patron-client relationships 2. Roman women had more freedom than Greek women, but legal status that of a child (subordinate to paterfamilias) Worshiped supernatural spirits Large amount of slaves

Spartacus and the Great Slave Revolt The revolt began in 73 BCE, when seventy gladiators escaped in southern Italy, not far from Naples. With each raid their number grew, until there were more than 120,000 escaped slaves, trained by Spartacus and the gladiators and armed with captured weapons.

G. Expansion in the Mediterranean 1. Rome conquered Italy: granted people Roman citizenship -citizens had to provide soldiers for military

2. Sack of Rome (390 BCE) -Gauls loot, burn, & kill civilians -Roman army replaced Greek phalanx spear with… the gladius sword!

1st Punic War: (Carthage seizes Sicily) 3. Punic Wars: Rome defeated Carthage to gain Sicily, Sardinia, Spain, & N. Africa 1st Punic War: (Carthage seizes Sicily) 2nd Punic War: (Hannibal vs. Scipio) 3rd Punic War: (Battle of Carthage)

The ala were auxiliary troops. Legion Cavalry The legion was the basic unit of the Roman army (about 5,000 soldiers). Divided into mandibles and centuries (led by a centurion) Cavalry units were usually supplied by allies. The cavalry was less important in the early Republic than in the Imperial army. Ala The ala were auxiliary troops.

4. Rome defeated Hellenistic kingdoms; Gaius Julius Caesar conquered Celts of Gaul (59-51 BCE) 5. Praetor: Roman governor that supervised local administrators in provinces (one year terms)

Roman Expansion

II. Mare Nostrum: The Roman Empire “Lords of the world, the toga-wearing Romans” -Virgil, The Aeneid

A. Failure of the Republic: 1. Roman expansion caused social & economic changes: -small farming families forced to military service -latifundias: large landowners bought up small farms -decline soldiers & food 2. slave labor cheap…effect on peasants? -driven off land -unemployed -moved to cities Roman commanders built their armies from underclass men -loyal to commander, not the Roman state -generals entering politics

Major Figures of the Roman Revolution Tiberius Gracchus 168-133 BCE Gaius Gracchus 154-121 BCE (not shown) Gaius Marius 157-86 BCE Sulla 138-78 BCE Pompey 106-48 BCE Julius Caesar 100-44 BCE Octavian 63 BCE-14 CE The Roman revolution was less about ideology than personal ambition. Each of these men sought personal wealth, power and prestige, and each found a new way to undermine the traditional Mos Maiorum that had sustained Roman republican institutions for centuries.

B. The Roman Revolution 1. Gracchi Brothers (Tiberius & Gaius): -reformers -limited land holdings of patricians -both assassinated Private armies made up of landless peasants: Gaius Marius (with reformers) Lucius Cornelius Sulla (with aristocrats) 3. Lucius Cornelius Sulla drives Marius out - reign of terror follows

C. Julius Caesar Caesar (nephew of Marius) escapes Sulla’s terror 2. Caesar rises to popularity: - public spectacles, victories in Gaul 3. First Triumvirate: - Caesar, Crassus, Pompey

Caesar attacks Rome 49 BCE… “the die is cast” -names himself “Dictator for Life” Reforms of Caesar: - redistribution of land to war veterans - reduced urban unemployment - extended citizenship to provinces - assassinated in 44 BCE

The “Real” Julius Caesar

“Beware the Ides of March…” 44 BCE

D. Augustus Caesar: Pax Romana civil war after Caesar’s death 2. Second Triumvirate: Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus 3. Octavian takes title Augustus 27 BCE…end of Republic, start of principate

“Roman Peace”: Imported goods (silk, spices from China/India) Road system: Appian Way Postal service Underground pipes Circus Maximus (250,000 spectators) Coliseum (“bread & circuses”) Aqueducts Gladitorial Games Praetorian Guard

Both Crazy!

Appian Way Circus Maximus

E. An Urban Empire 50 to 60 million people in empire (80% farmers) - empire administered through cities - Rome: a million residents Provincial towns imitated Rome (aqueducts, baths, theatres, gardens, entertainment) Rural countryside had little contact with government 4. Romanization: spread of Latin, Roman clothing, & Roman lifestyle

F. The Rise of Christianity 1. Jesus: Jewish prophet - belief a Messiah would liberate the Jews - Jesus sought to Jewish reforms - executed by Romans 2. After execution: teachings spread Development of Christianity - spread throughout Provinces

The Rise of Christianity

The Spread of Christianity

G. Technology & Decline Economic crises: - high cost of defense Romans expert military & civil engineers: -bridges, ballistic weapons, aqueducts, arches/domes, concrete After Augustus’ death: army organized for defense The “3rd-century crisis”: frequent change of rulers & nomadic invasions (Germanic tribes) Economic crises: - high cost of defense - currency devaluation - inflation - nomadic attacks (Vandals sack R0me, 455) - moved capital to Constantinople

Diocletian Splits Empire in Two: 294 CE

“Barbarian” Invasions: 4th & 5th centuries