Ch 14 A New Spirit of Change

Immigrants settle in the United States, American literature and art develop, and reform movements have a major impact on the nation. Immigrants settle in the United States, American literature and art develop, and reform movements have a major impact on the nation.

Why People Migrated Emigrants—people who leave a country Emigrants—people who leave a country Immigrants—people who settle in a new country Immigrants—people who settle in a new country During mid-1800s, most immigrants come from Europe During mid-1800s, most immigrants come from Europe People immigrate because of push-pull factors People immigrate because of push-pull factors

Why People Migrated Push factors—conditions that push people out of their native lands Push factors—conditions that push people out of their native lands Pull factors—conditions that pull people toward a new place Pull factors—conditions that pull people toward a new place Push factors include: Push factors include: 1) Population growth 1) Population growth

Why People Migrated 2) agricultural changes, landlords force tenants off land 2) agricultural changes, landlords force tenants off land 3) crop failures, farmers unable to pay debts, families go hungry 3) crop failures, farmers unable to pay debts, families go hungry 4) Industrial Revolution puts many artisans out of work 4) Industrial Revolution puts many artisans out of work 5) religious and political turmoil causes religious persecution 5) religious and political turmoil causes religious persecution

Why People Migrated Pull factors include: Pull factors include: 1) freedom 1) freedom 2) economic opportunity 2) economic opportunity 3) abundant land 3) abundant land

Germans Pursue Economic Opportunity Many Germans immigrate to Wisconsin; good climate for growing oats Many Germans immigrate to Wisconsin; good climate for growing oats Also settle in Texas they found town of Fredericksburg Also settle in Texas they found town of Fredericksburg Work as bakers, butchers, shoemakers, and carpenters in cities Work as bakers, butchers, shoemakers, and carpenters in cities

Germans Pursue Economic Opportunity Germans were the largest immigrant group of 1800s, they have a large influence on U.S. culture Germans were the largest immigrant group of 1800s, they have a large influence on U.S. culture

The Irish Flee Hunger Most Irish immigrants are Catholic Most Irish immigrants are Catholic They immigrate in early 1800s to escape poverty and British mistreatment They immigrate in early 1800s to escape poverty and British mistreatment In 1845, disease attacks Ireland’s potato crop In 1845, disease attacks Ireland’s potato crop

The Irish Flee Hunger Causes famine—a severe food shortage, this forces many to emigrate Causes famine—a severe food shortage, this forces many to emigrate In U.S., the Irish become city- dwellers, they have few skills, and take low-paying jobs In U.S., the Irish become city- dwellers, they have few skills, and take low-paying jobs

The Irish Flee Hunger They compete with free African- Americans for backbreaking work that no one else wants They compete with free African- Americans for backbreaking work that no one else wants

Following One’s Conscience Writer Ralph Waldo Emerson stresses self-examination and nature Writer Ralph Waldo Emerson stresses self-examination and nature Henry David Thoreau writes about his life in the woods in Walden (1845) Henry David Thoreau writes about his life in the woods in Walden (1845)

Following One’s Conscience Emerson and Thoreau believe in transcendentalism: Emerson and Thoreau believe in transcendentalism: spiritual world more important than physical world spiritual world more important than physical world find truth through feeling and intuition find truth through feeling and intuition

Following One’s Conscience Thoreau believes in following individual conscience Thoreau believes in following individual conscience Peacefully refuses to obey unjust laws Peacefully refuses to obey unjust laws Uses non-violent protest—civil disobedience Uses non-violent protest—civil disobedience

Exploring the Human Heart Walt Whitman writes unrhymed poems that praise common people Walt Whitman writes unrhymed poems that praise common people Emily Dickinson writes poems about God, nature, love, and death Emily Dickinson writes poems about God, nature, love, and death Whitman, and Dickinson shape modern poetry Whitman, and Dickinson shape modern poetry

Exploring the Human Heart Edgar Allan Poe’s terrifying tales influence modern horror stories Edgar Allan Poe’s terrifying tales influence modern horror stories Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter about love, guilt, and revenge Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter about love, guilt, and revenge Herman Melville writes novel, Moby Dick Herman Melville writes novel, Moby Dick

Temperance Societies Temperance movement— campaign to stop alcohol consumption Temperance movement— campaign to stop alcohol consumption Heavy drinking is common in the early 1800s Heavy drinking is common in the early 1800s Temperance speakers get a million people to promise to give up alcohol Temperance speakers get a million people to promise to give up alcohol

Temperance Societies Business owners support temperance, they want sober workers Business owners support temperance, they want sober workers By 1855, 13 states pass laws to ban alcohol, but most are repealed By 1855, 13 states pass laws to ban alcohol, but most are repealed

Fighting for Workers’ Rights Women mill workers start labor union Women mill workers start labor union Labor union—workers who ban together, get better working conditions Labor union—workers who ban together, get better working conditions Women go on strike—stop work to get better working conditions (1836) Women go on strike—stop work to get better working conditions (1836)

Fighting for Workers’ Rights Many other strikes follow; depression hits (1837), and jobs are scarce Many other strikes follow; depression hits (1837), and jobs are scarce Labor movement falls apart, achieves a few goals Labor movement falls apart, achieves a few goals

Social Reforms Social Reforms

Improving Education Horace Mann heads first state board of education in the U.S. (1837) Horace Mann heads first state board of education in the U.S. (1837) A few Northern cities start public high schools A few Northern cities start public high schools

Improving Education Churches and other groups start many colleges; women cannot attend most Churches and other groups start many colleges; women cannot attend most Illegal to teach enslaved person to read in the South Illegal to teach enslaved person to read in the South

Care for the Needy Care for the Needy

Caring for the Needy Dorothea Dix pushes reforms for the care of mentally ill Dorothea Dix pushes reforms for the care of mentally ill Reformers improve prisons: Reformers improve prisons: separate children from main jails separate children from main jails call for rehabilitation of adult prisoners call for rehabilitation of adult prisoners

Abolitionists Call for Ending Slavery Abolition—movement to end slavery, it begins in the late 1700s Abolition—movement to end slavery, it begins in the late 1700s Abolitionists demand a law ending slavery in the South Abolitionists demand a law ending slavery in the South

Abolitionists Call for Ending Slavery William Lloyd Garrison publishes an abolitionist newspaper William Lloyd Garrison publishes an abolitionist newspaper Sisters Sarah, Angelina Grimké lecture against slavery Sisters Sarah, Angelina Grimké lecture against slavery

Eyewitnesses to Slavery Frederick Douglass speaks about his own experience of slavery Frederick Douglass speaks about his own experience of slavery Publishes autobiography (1845), does lecture tour, and buys his freedom Publishes autobiography (1845), does lecture tour, and buys his freedom

Eyewitnesses to Slavery Sojourner Truth flees enslavement, and lives with Quakers who free her Sojourner Truth flees enslavement, and lives with Quakers who free her Wins court battle to recover her son, she speaks for abolition Wins court battle to recover her son, she speaks for abolition

The Underground Railroad Underground Railroad— aboveground escape routes from South to North Underground Railroad— aboveground escape routes from South to North Runaway slaves travel on foot, also take wagons, boats, and trains Runaway slaves travel on foot, also take wagons, boats, and trains

The Underground Railroad Henry Brown escapes slavery by being packed in a box and shipped North Henry Brown escapes slavery by being packed in a box and shipped North Runaways usually travel by night and hide by day in places called stations Runaways usually travel by night and hide by day in places called stations

Harriet Tubman People who lead runaways to freedom are called conductors People who lead runaways to freedom are called conductors Harriet Tubman is a famous conductor Harriet Tubman is a famous conductor She escapes slavery (1849), she makes 19 journeys to free enslaved persons She escapes slavery (1849), she makes 19 journeys to free enslaved persons Enemies offer reward for her capture, but is never caught Enemies offer reward for her capture, but is never caught

Journey to Freedom Journey to Freedom

Follow the Drinking Gourd Song Follow the Drinking Gourd Song

Women’s Rights Women’s Rights

Women Reformers Face Barriers Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton attend anti-slavery convention Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton attend anti-slavery convention They are not allowed to speak in public because they are women They are not allowed to speak in public because they are women In 1800s, women have few legal or political rights In 1800s, women have few legal or political rights

The Seneca Falls Convention Stanton and Mott hold Seneca Falls Convention for women’s rights (1848) Stanton and Mott hold Seneca Falls Convention for women’s rights (1848) Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions states men and women are equal Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions states men and women are equal Lists resolutions for women’s rights including suffrage—the right to vote Lists resolutions for women’s rights including suffrage—the right to vote

Continued Calls for Women’s Rights Sojourner Truth speaks for women’s rights Sojourner Truth speaks for women’s rights Scientist Maria Mitchell starts Association for the Advancement of Women Scientist Maria Mitchell starts Association for the Advancement of Women

Continued Calls for Women’s Rights Susan B. Anthony builds women’s movement into a national organization Susan B. Anthony builds women’s movement into a national organization She supports laws that give married women rights to own property and earn wages She supports laws that give married women rights to own property and earn wages By 1865, 29 states have laws that give women property and wage rights By 1865, 29 states have laws that give women property and wage rights