Child Development and Care Mrs. Kapaldo

Child Development Is defined by the way a child is able to more and more as they get older. Growth means getting bigger in size. There are six developmental areas of child development.

Physical Development Includes the growth of the body and the strength and coordination of muscles. Motor skill is an ability that depends on the use and control of muscles. Large Motor Skill is the movement and control of the back, legs, shoulders and arms. Examples: Walking, jumping, and throwing a ball

Physical Development Small Motor Skill is the movement and control of small body parts such as the hands, and fingers. Example: writing and picking a flower Hand-eye coordination is the ability of the eyes and the hand and arm muscles to work together to make complex movements. Example: hitting a baseball with a bat

Intellectual Development Involves the ability to think, understand and reason. Hands on experiences that promote learning and creativity help young children discover how things work.

Intellectual Development At seven years old, children begin to think logically. Can create broad categories and sort Matching games help strengthen logic At age 12, most children begin to think abstractly. They are able to use their imaginations to predict what might happen in the future.

Language Development Children learn the rules of language by listening to people around them The more you talk or read to a child, the better! Many types of growth and development are enhanced once a child can communicate.

Emotional Development Infants show emotions through body movements, facial expressions, and sounds Smiles, cooing, crying As children grow older, they can identify their feelings. They need help learning how to express their emotions in socially acceptable ways.

Social Development Social Development begins at birth. Babies enjoy love from their parents. When children learn what it feels like to be loved and wanted, they want more, and naturally seek out people and positive attention.

Social Development Sharing, getting along, and making friends all require social skills. Smiles and praise (expressions of approval) from others encourage children to repeat good behaviors. Frowns and scolding help children to learn to avoid other actions.

Moral Development Involves an understanding of right and wrong. Children do not understand the difference of right and wrong, and look to their parents to tell them whether an action is good or bad. Through instruction and modeling moral behavior, parents help children build character. Parental guidance never ends.

Developmental Influences Heredity and your environment work together to shape you into a one of a kind individual.

Heredity Refers to all the traits a person inherits from their parents, and is permanent. Traits are passed on through genes (basic unit of heredity). Genes determine a person’s body type, color of their hair, skin and eyes, in addition to certain talents (ex. Musical abilities, athletic talent and personality (shyness))

Environment Is what surrounds a person and affects their development and behavior. Environment includes family, friends, home, school, and the community, as well as computers, TV, video games, and other technology.

Environment Praise and encouragement are crucial in developing a person’s self-esteem. Children who feel good about themselves are able to better deal with challenging tasks, relationships and jobs. Children who are not encouraged often feel insecure and afraid to try new things.

Environment Culture and traditions influence a child’s development. Cultural influences determine different roles and how children are taught.

Developmental Stages Knowing how children grow can help you better understand yourself. Your development began before you were born in the prenatal stage. The developmental stages correspond (relate to) to a person’s age. Developmental Milestone is a skill achieved at a particular stage of life.

Young Infants Younger than six months old. Can look at faces and recognize primary caregiver’s voices. Neck muscles strengthen, allowing them to hold up their head. They learn to kick their legs and roll from their stomach to their back. They communicate by laughing, cooing and crying.

Older Infants Between 6 to 12 months old. Can eat solid foods, and drink from a cup. They learn to sit alone, crawl and stand, possibly even walking. At this stage, they learn to interact with their caregivers, and begin to play. They can raise their arms to be picked up, and recognize close family members.

Older Infants They imitate others’ actions and facial expressions, and listen to speech. They spend a lot of time looking around and reaching for objects. They explore by putting objects in their mouths. Older infants enjoy music, picture books, and simple games Peek-a-boo They usually speak their first word by the age of one.

Young Toddlers Between 12-24 months Master quite a few skills including: Eating table foods Hold their own spoon Use a straw to drink Walk Climb steps run

Young Toddlers Increased coordination in arms and hands allows them to roll a ball, turn pages and scribble. They are very cautious people. They enjoy exploring, and want to be independent, and may push adults away. Despite the want of independence, young toddlers still need love, care, direction and comfort from their caregivers.

Older Toddlers 24-36 months (2-3 years) Possess increased physical energy. They can: Run Jump Walk on tiptoes Climb Pedal a tricycle Throw and catch balls.

Older Toddlers Usually become toilet trained at this stage Can wash and dress themselves Looking at Play, children at this stage: May have trouble sharing Interested in other children Will engage in parallel play They play along side other children but not with them

Older Toddlers Increased vocabulary: help them interact with caregivers Allows them to ask questions Use longer sentences to express thoughts and feelings Gradually with help, they develop a conscience Inner sense of right and wrong

Preschoolers 3-5 years old Large motor skills are well defined. Fine motor skills are becoming more defined Cut with scissors Draw shapes Print their name Shape clay into something recognizable

Preschoolers They develop skills needed for school, such as knowing the alphabet and how to count. Vocabulary continues to grow, and they learn printed symbols have meanings. They may experience jealousy, curiosity, fear, joy, and affection. They have a sense of right and wrong, and are beginning to understand the rules.

Preschoolers The move from parallel play to cooperative play they play with the other child and learn to share, take turns, solve problems and control their emotions These early play experiences help them build skills they need for life.

School-Age Children Age 5 They begin to spend more time away from home in structured activities and school. Foster independence, help them develop a sense of self, and teach them life skills.

School-Age Children They can: ride bikes Team-sports Write and draw Read Do math problems Reason

School-Age Children They start to experience stress, and may worry about school. Can be sensitive and easily suffer from embarrassment. Range of feelings increases and friendships become more complex. Learn team-work, how to compromise, and consider other’s feelings.

Adolescents Usually occurs in the teen years. Puberty: set of changes that result in a physically mature body that is able to reproduce. Acne: skin problem that develops when pores in the skin become blocked. Physical changes also affect emotions.

Adolescents Possess the ability to reason and think of alternatives to problems or actions Friendships become stronger, and may develop into romantic relationships. Family remains a stable base for teens.

Special Needs Not all children follow the typical pattern of development. Many have physical impairments, emotional problems or learning disabilities. Children with disabilities may have to work harder to master certain skills, and may not be independent as soon as others. A few need assistance their entire lives.

Physical Disabilities Problems with movement May lead to difficulty: Walking Talking Breathing Others may have vision or hearing issues.

Learning Disabilities Often struggle with language concepts and reading, and may need extra guidance

Emotional Problems Affect their behavior in a negative way. May have difficulties: Following directions Understand or get along with others.

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