2. Types of Development Physical Intellectual Emotional Social Moral
Various types of development occur at each stage of development. These are: physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and moral.

3. Physical Development
Growth and development of a child’s physical abilities
Motor Development
Gross Motor Development: development of large muscles
Fine Motor Development: development of small muscles
Physical development is the growth and development of a child’s physical abilities. The physical development of a child is like how a tree develops in nature: the tree develops a trunk (like the human body), then branches (arms and legs), and lastly leaves (hands and fingers). A child’s physical development is defined by the development of his/her motor skills, which can be divided into two main areas: gross motor skills and fine motor skills. Gross motor skills include rolling over, crawling, walking, running, and jumping, which become possible through the development of large muscles, like the ones in your back, legs, and arms. Fine motor skills are intricate skills like pointing, grasping, typing, and playing and instrument, and they are the result of the development of small muscles, like the ones in your hands or fingers.

4. Physical Development Review of first year First 5 years
Turn body from side to back
Complete roll over
Sitting
Reach, grasp, mouth
Walking
First 5 years
Master control of large muscles
Gain better control of smaller muscles
As previously discussed, during the first year of life, a child’s physical development is the most pronounced. Within the first two months, the infant is able to turn his/her body from side to back. By six months, the infant can roll over. At seven months, most infants can pull themselves into a sitting position, and by nine months the same infant can reach for an object, grasp it, and put it is his/her mouth. By the time the infant is twelve months old, he/she begins to crawl and walk by holding onto furniture.
Gross muscle development continues to occur throughout a child’s first five years of life as he/she masters control of his/her large muscles for walking and running. The child will continue to gain better control of his/her smaller muscles and will be able to begin writing, drawing, or throwing a ball. For example, if you throw a 3 year old child a ball, he/she usually put his/her whole body into trying to catch it in his/her arms. If you throw the same ball to a 5 or 6 year old, he/she will try to catch the ball with his/her hands. The muscle movement becomes localized.

5. Intellectual Development
Growth in the ability to learn, think, and judge
Brain develops
Language
Longer attention span
A child’s intellectual development is the growth in his/her ability to learn, think, and judge. This development is more difficult to see than physical growth because the child’s brain is growing and developing, as opposed to his/her physical body. The child’s language skills develop, as he/she learns to recognize and form words, phrases, and sentences. Intellectual development also includes the increase of a child’s attention span. For example, most three-year-olds will find it difficult to sit through a long story. However, by the time a child is five or six, he/she will be able to pay attention to the story for a longer period of time and will likely be able to remember the story.

6. Timeline for Intellectual Development
Infants
Learn with senses
One to two years
Begin to talk
Three years
Full sentences
Four years
Constant questions
Intellectual development occurs throughout the stages of child development, but it occurs most rapidly from birth until age four or five. Infants begin to learn with their eyes, ears, mouth, and hands, engaging their five senses. Parents can help stimulate their infant’s intellectual development by using colorful toys, singing simple songs, and hanging mobiles over their infant’s crib. Children begin to talk around age one or two. They will begin by saying words and short phrases. By age three, children will be able to speak in full sentences. Children become very curious about the world around them and will ask many questions by the time they are age four.

7. Emotional Development
Growth in the understanding of how to control emotions
Learn by imitation
Moods and emotions change rapidly
Emotional development is a child’s growth in the understanding of how to control his/her emotions. Children begin to develop emotional reactions by imitating others, and experience rapidly changing moods and emotions throughout their development.

8. Emotional Development
Toddlers
Rapidly changing moods and emotions
Separation anxiety
Frustration, anger, and tantrums
Most toddlers experience rapidly changing moods and emotions: they might smile and giggle one minute, and burst into tears in the next. This is one reason why some people refer to a child’s second year of life as “the terrible two’s!” Some toddlers may experience separation anxiety, which being afraid when their parents leave. To fix this, it is important for caregivers to reassure the child that his/her parents will return. It is also helpful to distract him/her by playing a game or reading a story. Toddlers and pre-schoolers can become frustrated easily, especially when they are unable to perform certain tasks. This may lead to anger, which could result in a temper tantrum!

9. Emotional Development
Children of all ages need praise and affection
Emotional needs not met, problems can arise:
Very quiet/withdrawn
Loss of appetite
Incorrect speech
Short attention span
Difficulty socializing
Children of all ages need praise and affection as part of their emotional development. If this emotional need isn’t met, problems can arise. A child may be affected in many ways that encompass every stage of development. For example, a child may become very quiet and withdrawn, may lose his/her appetite, may not learn how to talk properly, may have a short attention span, or may have difficulty getting along with others.

10. Emotional Development: Children’s Feelings
Anger
Intense, but short-lived
Causes
Too many demands, not able to do what they want, have to do something they don’t want
Fear
Jealousy
New baby, favoritism, comparisons
Children’s feelings are an important part of their emotional development. In healthy children, feelings of anger are intense, but short-lived. A child may become angry due to too many demands, not being able to do what he/she wants to do, or because he/she is being made to do something he/she doesn’t want to do. Children’s fears are a learned behavior: they are not born with them, but they learn them from the people around them. Jealousy can be caused by a new baby in the family, favoritism, or comparing him/herself to other children.

11. Social Development Growth in the ability to interact with people Steps
Trust and security
Independence
Acceptable behavior
Social development is the growth in a child’s ability to interact with people. Three steps of learned behaviors are important for social development. These steps are: trust and security, independence, and acceptable behavior.

12. Social Development Trust and security Infants
Learn when someone answers their cries
Toddlers and Preschoolers
Interactions with other children
Adolescents
Interactions with adults and friends
The first step of social development, trust and security is learned at every stage in a child’s development. Infants learn trust and security when someone answers their cries. Toddlers and preschoolers learn this as they begin to get along with others and make friends. Adolescents develop trust and security through their interactions with adults and friends. A difficult “life lesson” is when an adult or friend lets you down, disappoints you, or proves to be untrustworthy, making you question your trust and sense of security.

13. Social Development Independence Acceptable behavior
Toddlers/Preschoolers
Try new tasks
Adolescents
Independence from parents
Acceptable behavior
Toddlers and Preschoolers
Take direction
Accept adult authority
Develop a moral compass
The second step of social development is independence. Toddlers and preschoolers enjoy trying new tasks like putting on their shoes, brushing their teeth, and dressing themselves without help. It is normal for adolescents to gain independence from their parents. For example, the adolescent may spend more time hanging out with friends and spend less time with family.
Acceptable behavior is the third step of social development. Toddlers and preschoolers learn acceptable behaviors by taking directions and accepting the authority of adults. Adolescents develop a moral compass that guides them throughout life.

14. Moral Development
Growth and development of a child’s ability to tell right from wrong
Morals
Rules of behavior
Learn at home, church, school, community, media
The final type of development is moral development. This is the growth and development of a child’s ability to tell right from wrong. Morals are rules of behavior that are learned at home, church, school, in the community, and through the media.

15. Moral Development Toddlers and Preschoolers Adolescents
Develop a conscience
Adolescents
Guides behavior
Awareness of rules of society
Toddlers and preschoolers begin their moral development by gradually developing a conscience that monitors behavior. Remember Jiminy Cricket? An adolescent’s moral development guides teenage behavior while building a greater awareness of the “rules of society.”

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