Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems Chapter 16 Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems

Functions of the cardiovascular system Composed of the heart & all blood vessels of the body Function is to circulate blood, thereby maintaining an internal environment in which all the cells of your body are nourished

Functions of the cardiovascular system The heart pumps blood Blood carries oxygenated cells throughout your body to deliver oxygen At the same time carbon dioxide along with waste is carried away from your body via blood cells

Functions of the cardiovascular system Oxygen is delivered to your lungs and waste products are sent to the kidneys to be removed from the body

Structures of the cardiovascular system The heart and the brain are perhaps the most important organs in your body The heart is made of the myocardium which is what makes it pump Your heart rate increases or decreases automatically based on your physical activity

Chambers of the heart Your heart has 4 chambers Right Atrium Left Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle A wall of tissue separates the right & left atria called the septum along with the right & left ventricles

Chambers of the heart The right atrium works as the natural pacemaker for the rest of the heart Small electrical impulses force the atrium to contract therefore allowing blood to be pumped into the ventricles Blood is then pumped out of the heart

Chambers of the heart When blood is flowing it can only flow one way Once blood is pumped the valves close not allowing blood to pump back The sound that you hear when your heart is beating is the sound of the valves closing

Circulation of the heart Blood that has been deoxygenated but has carbon dioxide & waste is pumped back to the heart by 2 large blood vessels called the vena cava Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium & is transferred to the right ventricle

Circulation of the heart Blood is then pumped to the lungs Inside the lungs the blood drops the carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen Newly oxygenated blood is then returned to the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

Circulation of the heart The blood is then pumped from the left atrium into the left ventricle Blood is then pumped out of the heart & into the rest of the body by way of the large artery called the aorta

Blood Blood delivers oxygen, hormones, & nutrients to the cells & carries away waste that the cells produce 55% of your blood consists of plasma the fluid in which other parts of the blood are suspended

Blood Red blood cells make up about 40% of blood White blood cells & platelets together make up the remaining 5% of blood 1 milliliter of blood contains millions of each of these types of cells

Red blood cells & White blood cells Red blood cells – transport oxygen to cells & parts of the body Formed in bone marrow, they contain hemoglobin the oxygen-carrying protein in blood Red blood cells also carry carbon dioxide away from cells back to the lungs

Red blood cells & White blood cells White blood cells are made to protect our bodies against infection & fight off infection when it occurs White blood cells are also produced in bone marrow Production of white blood cells increases when an infection is present

Blood vessels You have more then 60,000 miles of blood vessels that transport blood There are 3 main types of blood vessels Arteries Veins Capillaries

Arteries They are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart They have thick elastic walls and contain smooth muscle fibers Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricles to the lungs

Arteries Systemic arteries, such as the aorta, carry oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all areas of the body As arteries move away from the heart, they branch into progressively smaller vessels called arterioles Arterioles deliver blood to capillaries

Capillaries Capillaries are small vessels that carry blood between arterioles and small vessels called venules Capillaries form an extensive network throughout tissues and organs in the body, reaching almost every body cell

Veins Veins are blood vessels that return blood to the heart Vein walls are thinner and less elastic than those of arteries, veins are still able to withstand the pressure exerted by blood as it flows though them

Platelets Platelets are cells that prevent the body’s loss of blood Platelets produce small thread-like fibers called fibrins

Lymphatic System This system also helps to fight infection & plays an important role to the bodies immunity to disease Lymph is the clear fluid that fills the spaces around body cells Lymphocytes are specialized white blood cells that provide the body with immunity & protect the body against antibodies

B Cells B cells are lymphocytes that are stimulated to multiply when they are come in contact with a pathogen Some B cells produce plasma cells, which produce antibodies that attack the pathogen, other produce memory cells

T Cells T cells are lymphocytes that are stimulated to enlarge & multiply when they encounter a pathogen. There are 2 main types Killer cells which stop the spread of disease Helper cells aid in the activation of B cells & killer T cells

Structure of the Lymphatic System It consists of a network of vessels & tissues that are involved in the movement & filtering of lymph

Care & Problems of the Cardiovascular System Lesson 2

Health behaviors associated with good cardiovascular care Follow a well balance diet that is low in saturated fats, cholesterol & salt Maintain a healthy weight to reduce stress on the heart, blood vessels, and lymph vessels Participate in regular aerobic exercise for at least 30 minutes 3-4 times a week

Health behaviors associated with good cardiovascular care Avoid the use of tobacco products & exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke Avoid illegal drugs, including stimulants, marijuana, & ecstasy

Blood Pressure Blood pressure is the measure of the amount of force that the blood places on the walls of the blood vessels

Blood Pressure As your heart contracts to push blood into your arteries, the maximum pressure, called systolic pressure is measured As the ventricles relax to refill, blood pressure is at its lowest point, called the diastolic

Cardiovascular System Problems Congenital heart disease – a condition that is present at birth Cardiovascular disease is actually a group of the cardiovascular systems that include hypertension, heart disease, & stroke

Cardiovascular System Problems Heart murmurs are abnormal sounds that are made as blood flows through the heart Varicose veins form if valves in the veins do not close tightly enough to prevent backflow of blood

Cardiovascular System Problems Anemia is a condition in which the ability of the blood to carry oxygen is reduced The most common cause of anemia is iron deficiency

Cardiovascular System Problems Leukemia is a form of cancer in which any one of the different types of white blood cells is produces excessively and abnormally Hemophilia is an inherited disorder in which the blood does not clot properly

Lymphatic system problems Immune deficiency occur when the immune system can no longer protect against infection Hodgkin's disease is a type of cancer that affects the lymph tissue Tonsillitis is an infection of the tonsils & can be common in children

The Respiratory System Lesson 3

Functions of the respiratory system Respiration is the exchange of gases between the body and the environment

Structure of the Respiratory System Lungs are the principle organs of the respiratory system & the site of the external respiration The diaphragm is the muscle that separates the chest from the abdominal cavity The structure of the lungs can be compared to the structure of a branching tree

The breathing process The breathing process is made possible by creating a pressure of difference between the lungs and outside of the body When your lungs expand the pressure inside of them becomes lower than the pressure outside your body

Other Respiratory Structures Pharynx – or throat Trachea - or windpipe Bronchi – the airways that connect the trachea and the lungs

The larynx & epiglottis Neither of these are directly associated with the respiratory system but have important functions Larynx or voice box connects the throat to the trachea The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage located above the larynx, it closes off the passageway to the larynx & trachea when you swallow

Care & Problems of the Respiratory System Lesson 4

Health Behaviors & the Respiratory System Your nasal passageway contains mucus & cilia that help to prevent particles from entering your body However, your respiratory system is still vulnerable Asthma, Cancer can result from air pollution being let into your body

Respiratory System Problems Bronchitis – is an inflammation of the bronchi causes by infection or exposure to irritants such as tobacco smoke or air pollution Pneumonia an inflammation of the lungs commonly caused by a bacterial or viral infection

Respiratory System Problems Pleurisy an inflammation of the lining of the lungs and chest cavity Asthma an inflammatory condition in which the trachea, bronchi, & bronchioles become narrowed, causing difficulty in breathing

Respiratory System Problems Sinusitis an inflammation of the tissues that line the sinuses Tuberculosis is a contagious bacterial infection that usually affects the lungs Emphysema is a disease that progressively destroys the walls of the alveoli