2. Chapter 15 – page 408 Cardiovascular system

3. Aorta Pulmonary artery Pulmonary Valve Pulmonary vein Left Atrium Mitral Valve Left Ventricle Septum Right Ventricle Inferior Vena Cava Tricuspid Valve Right Atrium Superior Vena Cava Aortic valve

5. Composed of the heart and all the blood vessels of the body.

6. HEART  Muscular organ – size of fist  Made of muscle called myocardium  Average heart rate = 70-80 beats/minute

7. HEART  Contains four chambers  Small upper chambers are called the left and right atrium  Larger lower chambers are called the left and right ventricles  A wall of tissue called the septum separates the right side from the left side  Valves between the atria and the ventricles allow blood to flow. These valves are one-way valves. A

8. HEART  At the top of the right atrium is the area that acts as a pacemaker for the heart. This area is called the SA Node

9. BLOOD  Delivers oxygen, hormones, and nutrients to the cells and carries away waste that the cells produce.

11. PLASMA  The fluid in which other parts of the blood are suspended.  Plasma is mostly water

12. RED BLOOD CELLS  Transport oxygen to the cells and tissue  Red blood cells are formed in bone marrow and contain hemoglobin  Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein in blood. It contains iron that binds with oxygen in the lungs.

14. WHITE BLOOD CELLS (see also lymphocytes under part IV)  Main role is to protect the body against infection.  Produced in the bone marrow  Production of cells increases when infection is present.

15. PLATELETS  Cells that prevent the body’s loss of blood  Release sticky substance that causes clumping at site of an injury  Stimulate blood to produce small thread-like fibers called fibrin  These fibers trap platelets and red/white blood cells to form a clot

16. HEMOPHILIA  The condition that occurs as a result of a deficient or abnormal clotting factor

18. BLOOD TYPES  Four types of blood  A  B  AB  O  Universal Donor = O  Universal Recipient = AB

19. Rh Factor  A protein substance found in the red blood cells of most people (+)  If not present the blood is considered negative (-)  Normally has no impact on health unless blood is mixed  The blood will agglutinate (clump together)

20. BLOOD VESSELS  Network of more than 60,000 miles of blood vessels  Enough length to circle the earth approx. 2.5 times!

21. ARTERIES  Carry blood away from the heart  Thick, elastic walls  Coronary arteries – carry blood to the heart itself

22. ARTERIOLES  Smaller arteries as they move away from the heart  Connect with the capillaries

23. CAPILLARIES  Smallest blood vessels  Connect the arterioles to the venules  Exchange oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste  Play a role in temperature regulation by dilating during heat, and constricting during cold.

24. VENULES  Smaller veins as they move toward the heart  Connect the capillaries to the veins

25. VEINS  Carry blood to the heart  Thinner, less elastic walls  Contain valves to prevent backflow

26. Lymph Circulation  The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and tissues that move and filter lymph.  Lymph – the clear fluid that fills the spaces around body cells  Contains water, proteins, fat and lymphocytes  Lymphocytes are specialized white blood cells that protect the body against pathogens (microorganisms that cause disease)

27. Lymphocytes  Two Types  Lymph is filtered by lymph nodes – small bean shaped organs found in lymph vessels B CellsT Cells (Killer and Helper) Produce antibodies to fight pathogens Killer T cells release toxins that prevent infection from spreading Create immune response by preventing a second attack of the same disease Helper T cells activate the B cells and the killer T cells

28. BLOOD PRESSURE  Measure of the amount of force that the blood places on the walls of the blood vessels, particularly large arteries, as it is pumped through the body.

29. SPHYGMOMANOMETER  Blood pressure cuff – measures blood pressure along with a stethoscope.

30. BLOOD PRESSURE  Average blood pressure for an adult is 120/80  Systolic pressure – maximum pressure on the artery walls (during a contraction)  Top number in the fraction  Diastolic pressure – pressure at its lowest point (ventricles relax)  Bottom number in the fraction

31. Cardiovascular System Problems  Congenital Heart Defects – heart conditions that are present at birth. (Septal defect is a hole in the septum)  Heart Murmurs – hole in heart OR a leaking/malfunctioning valve.  Varicose veins – valves in vein do not close tightly, allowing back flow of blood

32. Congenital Heart Defect - Septal Defect Varicose Vein

33. Cardiovascular System Problems  Anemia – ability of blood to carry oxygen is reduced. Often caused by iron deficiency.  Hemophilia – inherited disorder- blood does not clot properly.  Leukemia – form of cancer in which too many white blood cells are produced.