1. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C KEY CONCEPT The respiratory and circulatory systems bring oxygen and nutrients to the cells.

2. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C Oxygen-poor blood Oxygen-rich blood The respiratory and circulatory systems work together to maintain homeostasis. The circulatory system transports blood and other materials. –brings supplies to cells –carries away wastes –separates oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood

3. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C The respiratory system is where gas exchange occurs. –picks up oxygen from inhaled air –expels carbon dioxide and water nose sinus mouth epiglottis trachea lungs

4. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C The respiratory system moves gases into and out of the blood. The lungs contain the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. Millions of alveoli give the lungs a huge surface area. The alveoli absorb oxygen from the air you inhale. alveoli bronchiole

5. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C Breathing involves the diaphragm and muscles of the rib cage. Air flows from areas of high pressure to low pressure. Air inhaled. Muscles contract and rib cage expands. Diaphragm flattens and moves downward. Air exhaled. Muscles and rib cage relax. Diaphragm relaxes and rises.

6. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C veins arteries The circulatory system moves blood to all parts of the body. The system includes the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. –heart pumps blood throughout body –arteries move blood away from heart –veins move blood back to heart –capillaries get blood to and from cells

7. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C –collecting waste materials –maintaining body temperature There are three major functions of the circulatory system. –transporting blood, gases, nutrients

8. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried by the blood to and from the alveoli. –oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillary –oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells –carbon dioxide difuses from capillary into alveoli ALVEOLI GAS EXCHANGES capillaries alveolus capillary co 2 o2o2 Co 2 diffuses into alveolus. O 2 diffuses into blood. 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange

9. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs. Breathing is regulated by the brain stem. It monitors CO 2 levels, not O 2 midbrain pons medulla oblongata spinal chord 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange

10. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C Respiratory diseases interfere with gas exchange. Lung diseases reduce airflow and oxygen absorption. –Emphysema destroys alveoli. –Asthma constricts airways. –Cystic fibrosis produces sticky mucus. 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange

11. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C Smoking is the leading cause of lung diseases. 30.2 Respiration and Gas Exchange

12. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C The heart has four chambers: two atria, two ventricles. Valves in each chamber prevent backflow of blood. Muscles squeeze the chambers in a powerful pumping action. aortic valve left atrium mitral valve left ventricle septum pulmonary valve right atrium tricuspid right ventricle 30.3 The Heart and Circulation

13. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C –SA node, or pacemaker, stimulates atria to contract –AV node stimulates ventricles to contract SA node VA node The heartbeat consists of two contractions. 30.3 The Heart and Circulation

14. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C Blood flows through the heart in a specific pathway. 1 2 4 3 30.3 The Heart and Circulation

15. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C Blood flows through the heart in a specific pathway. –oxygen-poor blood enters right atrium, then right ventricle –right ventricle pumps blood to lungs –oxygen-rich blood from lungs enters left atrium, then left ventricle –left ventricle pumps blood to body aortic valve left atrium mitral valve left ventricle septum pulmonary valve right atrium tricuspid right ventricle 30.3 The Heart and Circulation

16. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C The heart pumps blood through two main pathways. A double-loop system Pulmonary circulation occurs between the heart and the lungs. –oxygen-poor blood enters lungs –excess carbon dioxide and water expelled –blood picks up oxygen –oxygen-rich blood returns to heart 30.3 The Heart and Circulation

17. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C Systemic circulation occurs between the heart and the rest of the body. –oxygen-rich blood goes to organs, extremities –oxygen-poor blood returns to heart The two pathways help maintain a stable body temperature. 30.3 The Heart and Circulation

18. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C Arteries, veins, and capillaries transport blood to all parts of the body. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. –blood under great pressure –Thicker, more muscular walls ARTERY VEIN CAPILLARIES arteriole venule endothelium connective tissue smooth muscle valve 30.4 Blood Vessels and Transport

19. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C Veins carry blood back to the heart. –blood under less pressure –thinner walls, larger diameter –valves prevent backflow 30.4 Blood Vessels and Transport ARTERY VEIN CAPILLARIES arteriole venule endothelium connective tissue smooth muscle valve

20. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C Capillaries move blood between veins, arteries, and cells. 30.4 Blood Vessels and Transport ARTERY VEIN CAPILLARIES arteriole venule endothelium connective tissue smooth muscle valve

21. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C Blood pressure is a measure of the force of blood pushing against artery walls. –systolic pressure: left ventricle contracts –diastolic pressure: left ventricle relaxes Shrinking diameter due to plaque increases blood pressure. High blood pressure can precede a heart attack or stroke. 30.4 Blood Vessels and Transport

22. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C Lifestyle plays a key role in circulatory diseases. Some choices lead to an increased risk of circulatory diseases. –smoking –long-term stress –excessive weight –lack of exercise –diet low in fruits and vegetables, high in saturated fats 30.4 Blood Vessels and Transport

23. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C Circulatory diseases affect mainly the heart and the arteries. –artery walls become thick and inflexible –plaque blocks blood flow in arteries 30.4 Blood Vessels and Transport

24. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C Blood is composed mainly of cells, cell fragments, and plasma. Whole blood is made up of different materials. –plasma –red blood cells –white blood cells –platelets red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets plasma Plasma is a key factor in maintaining homeostasis. –molecules diffuse into and out of plasma –contains proteins that stabilize blood volume –contains clotting factors –contains immune proteins 30.5 Blood

25. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C Platelets and different types of blood cells have different functions. The bone marrow manufactures most of the blood components. red blood cell platelet white blood cell 30.5 Blood

26. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C Red blood cells make up 40-45 % of all blood cells. –transport oxygen to cells and carry away carbon dioxide –have no nuclei and contain hemoglobin 30.5 Blood

27. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C White blood cells fight pathogens and destroy foreign matter. red blood cell platelet white blood cell 30.5 Blood

28. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C Protein markers define blood types and Rh factors. –ABO blood group the most common –Rh factor can be negative or positive –blood types must be compatible for transfusions 30.5 Blood

29. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C Platelets help form clots that control bleeding. platelets fibrin red blood cell white blood cell 30.5 Blood

30. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C Lymph is collected from tissues and returned to the circulatory system. The lymphatic system collects fluid that leaks out of the capillaries. –Lymph vessels have valves to prevent backflow. –Lymph nodes filter the lymph and destroy foreign matter. –Lymph vessels return cleaned fluid to the circulatory system. If lymph vessels or nodes are damaged, lymph collects in an area. heart lymph nodes lymph vessels 30.6 Lymphatic System

31. 30.1 Respiratory and Circulatory Functions TEKS 4B, 10A, 10C tonsils thymus spleen The lymphatic system is a major part of the immune system. Structures in the lymphatic system help fight disease. –tonsils filter bacteria and viruses –thymus develops white blood cells –spleen filters lymph, contains immune cells Lymphocytes help destroy pathogens, parasites, and foreign matter. 30.6 Lymphatic System