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Circulatory & Respiratory Systems Chapter 33
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Materials Are Transported and Heat is Distributed in the Body Your body must transport nutrients transport hormones transport gases get rid of wastes The circulatory and respiratory systems must work together to accomplish these needs. The circulatory system transports materials and the respiratory system exchanges gases.
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Circulatory System Connects the muscles and organs of the body through a network of vessels Transports blood A mixture of specialized cells and fluids Heart, muscle that pumps blood through the body
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Different Kinds of Molecules That Move Through the Circulatory System 1. Nutrients: Digested food 2. Oxygen: From the lungs then to all the body cells 3. Metabolic wastes : Carbon dioxide 4. Hormones: Help coordinate many bodily activities 5. Heat: Distributes heat fairly uniformly
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Blood Circulates Through a Network of Vessels Artery: Vessel that carries blood away from the heart Arteries have 3 layers: 1. innermost layer - endothelium, thin, single layer 2. middle layer - smooth, muscular, elastic 3. outer layer - protective layer connective tissue Capillaries: Connective vessels that allow the exchange (diffusion) of gases, nutrients, hormones and other molecules Vein: Vessel that carries blood back to the heart
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Leaked fluids Lymphatic system: A system of the body that collects and recycles fluids that leak from the circulatory system Involved in fighting infections Made up of a network of vessels called the lymphatic vessels and tiny bean-shaped structures called lymph nodes Thymus, tonsils, spleen, bone marrow.
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Red Blood Cells Red Blood Cells (Erthrocytes) most cells that make up blood are red blood cells carry oxygen Hemoglobin: Iron-containing proteins that bind to oxygen Do not have a nucleus Live about 120 days Anemia: A condition in which the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood is reduced
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White Blood Cells White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) Are out numbered by RBC's 1/500 Primary function is to defend the body against disease Larger than RBC’s Have a nucleus Live months to years
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Platelets Cell fragments Important in blood clotting Contain fibrin: Clotting enzyme that forms scabs
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Blood Types Four major blood types A, B, AB and O Protein markers on surface of the RBC's AB - universal receiver O - universal donor Rh Factor: Antigen on the surface of the RBC’s If you have it, you are Rh+ If you don't, you are Rh-
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The Heart Blood vessels allow for movement of blood to all cells. The pumping action is needed to provide pressure to move the blood throughout the body. Two separate circulatory loops Right side - driving the pulmonary circulation loop, pumps oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs Left side - driving the systemic circulation loop, pumps oxygen-rich blood through the arteries to the entire body
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Blood Follows a Specific Path Septum: Tissue that divides the heart into left and right halves Atria (atrium): Receiving chambers Ventricle (ventricles): Thick-walled sending chambers
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The Path Blood Follows Through The Body 1. Oxygen-poor blood returns to the heart through the inferior and superior vena cava, these empty into the right atrium 2. The blood passes through a valve into the right ventricle 3. The blood is then sent out of the heart through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. 4. In the capillaries of the lungs gas exchange occurs then returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein. The blood is now oxygen-rich. 5. The blood enters the left atrium passes through a valve into the left ventricle. 6. The blood is then sent out of the heart through, the largest artery in the body, aorta. 7. The blood travels to all the cells in the body where it drops off oxygen and nutrients, and picks up carbon dioxide and wastes. 8. The cycle starts all over again through the vena cava.
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Heart Contraction Sinoatrial node: Small cluster of cardiac muscle cells that act as a pacemaker, located in the upper wall of the right atrium Heart contractions occur at a rate of 72 times per minute, more or less depending on your level of physical activity. Blood pressure: The force exerted by the blood as it moves through the vessels Systolic: Tells how much pressure is exerted when the heart contracts and blood flows through the arteries Diastolic: Tells how much pressure is exerted when the heart relaxes Hypertension: High blood pressure, places strain on the walls of the arteries and increases the chances that a vessel will burst Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): Another way to monitor the heart's function, electrical impulses
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Heart Rate Pulse: A series of pressure waves within an artery caused by the contraction of the left ventricle Examples: Heart attack occurs when an area of the heart muscle dies and stops working Stroke occurs when an area of the brain tissue dies
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The Respiratory System Gases Must Be Exchanged Oxygen is used by your cells to completely oxidize glucose and then make ATP The main energy currency for your cells. The gases that enter your body must be transported by the circulatory system and then exchanged at the cells. Diaphragm: Powerful muscle in the bottom of the rib cage that aids in respiration
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The Path Air Follows 1. Air enters the respiratory system through the nose (or mouth) 2. Air passes through a muscular tube in the upper throat Pharynx: Tube for food and air 3. Air continues through the larynx Voice box 4. The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that closes off the trachea 5. Air passes into the trachea long straight tube in the chest cavity (windpipe) 6. Dividing into smaller tubes called the bronchi Lead to the lungs 7. Bronchioles: Smaller tubes in the lungs 8. Aveoli: Cluster of air sacs in the lungs that increase the surface area - when gases are exchanged
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Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Are Transported in the Blood 1. Oxygen from the air reaches the lungs 2. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillaries - hemoglobin carries the oxygen 3. Oxygen-rich blood travels to the heart (left atrium), then to the body (aorta) 4. Oxygen diffuses into the cells 5. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells into the blood 6. Oxygen-poor blood is pumped to the heart (right atrium), then to the lungs 7. In the lungs, carbon dioxide/oxygen is exchanged in the alveoli 8. The carbon dioxide is then exhaled
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Respiratory Diseases Asthma: Disease in which the bronchioles of the lungs constrict because of their sensitivity to certain stimuli air Emphysema: Disease in which the lungs' alveoli lose the elasticity, making it difficult to release carbon dioxide during exhalation Constant fatigue and breathlessness Lung cancer Disease characterized by abnormal cell growth
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