Goals: Identify the structures and functions of the male and female reproductive systems. Summarize the internal feedback control of reproductive hormones Sequence the stages of the menstrual cycle

DO NOW 1 Worksheet - Answer the Multiple Choice questions From exam on Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction

Male and Female Reproductive Systems Sexual Reproduction We know that sexual reproduction needs TWO parents, a male and a female. Sexual reproduction also needs specialized sex cells, sperm and eggs. We will learn the specialized sex organs and how sperm and egg meet to create a new life!

Male Reproductive System Function: The male reproductive system is responsible for producing, storing, nourishing and transporting reproductive cells (sperm). DO NOW 2 - Label the parts of the Male Reproductive System Blank diagram on your note packet page 1

Anatomy: Male Reproductive System

Anatomy: Male Reproductive System Production of Sperm Sperm is first made during puberty (about 12 – 14), in structures known as the testes. TWO testes are found in a loose sac called the scrotum which is 2⁰C - 3⁰C cooler than normal body temperature for good sperm production After sperm are made, they are stored in the epididymis which are coiled tubes on each testis. What TWO functions does the urethra have? Release sperm outside the body Release urine outside the body

Problems: Male Reproductive System What if your vas deferens were cut? Sperm could not leave the body! Male will be infertile! This is called a Vasectomy What if temperature of the scrotum was too warm? Sperm will not form correctly Can lead to infertility or reduced fertility This can happen with Varicose Veins Sperm that are misshapen will hurt their motility…. This will affect fertilization

After sperm are formed and stored When excited, blood flows into the penis and veins collapse creating an erection. An erection is when the penis becomes rigid (hard). Mature sperm move into the Vas deferens, which transports the sperm from the epididymis to the urethra by peristalsis. As sperm move through the vas deferens and urethra there are three glands that add fluid to support the sperm and create semen What TWO functions does the urethra have? Release sperm outside the body Release urine outside the body

DO NOW Write answer on top of page 2 in your note packet Lets follow sperm. Put in order from where sperm start to where they are released: Testes Urethra Vas Deferens Epididymis

Anatomy: Male Reproductive System Semen – milky white fluid that is ejaculated. Consists of sperm and supporting fluids from THREE main glands. Seminal Vesicle - (60% of semen) Secretes basic fluid to help neutralize the acidity in the urethra and the vagina Nutrients in secretion for sperm Prostate Gland - (30% of semen) Secretes basic fluid that helps sperm move Contains muscle for support Bulbourethral Gland Secretes basic fluid and lubricating mucus. Activates sperm

Ejaculation: Male Reproductive System As sperm moves from the vas deferens to the urethra, collecting fluids to become semen, a muscle closes the bladder to prevent urine and semen mixing Muscle contractions (peristalsis) help release semen from the males body known as EJACULATION The PENIS helps to deposit sperm in the VAGINA of the female which leads to the female gamete, the egg.

Hormones: Male Reproductive System Several hormones contribute to the male reproductive process In addition to sperm, the testes also produce the male hormone Before birth, a male begins to make testosterone which causes the embryo to develop into a male rather than a female. Testosterone levels are low until puberty Testosterone What TWO functions does the urethra have? Release sperm outside the body Release urine outside the body

Hormones: Male Reproductive System At puberty, testosterone levels rise. What effect does this have on a male? 1. Testosterone: Influencing the development of secondary male characteristics Maintains reproductive tract Promotes sperm production Influences sex drive & behavior What TWO functions does the urethra have? Release sperm outside the body Release urine outside the body Secondary male characteristics: broad shoulders, deep voice, facial hair, larger muscles, increased bone density, sperm production,

Hormones: Male Reproductive System 2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Promotes / initiates sperm production Pituitary gland 3. Luteinizing hormone (LH) Assists spermatogenesis and initiates production of testosterone in the testes 4. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) Secreted by hypothalamus gland Causes pituitary to release FSH and LH Testosterone production is regulated by What TWO functions does the urethra have? Release sperm outside the body Release urine outside the body Negative Feedback

Hormones: Male Reproductive System Does the body constantly produce testosterone? Levels of Testosterone Controlled by negative feedback Regulated by GnRH As levels of testosterone decrease in the blood…. GnRH is released Stimulates the pituitary to release LH and FSH LH and FSH promote testosterone production As levels of testosterone increase in the blood…. GnRH secretion is shut off No LH and FSH released No testosterone production NO

DO NOW 3 Worksheet - Answer the Multiple Choice questions Male Reproductive System How well do you know the male reproductive system?

Female Reproductive System Function: The female reproductive system is responsible for producing, storing, nourishing and transporting reproductive cells (eggs). Includes structures to nourish and protect the fetus during pregnancy

DO NOW 10 Label the parts of the Female Reproductive System Blank diagram on your note packet

Anatomy: Female Reproductive System Parts & Terms to know Ovaries Female organ where egg cells (sex cells) are produced Produces female sex hormones called estrogen and progesterone Eggs cells mature in the ovaries in special clusters of cells called follicles. Ovulation – when egg is mature, the ovary releases the egg cell into the fallopian tubes. Occurs once about every 28 days.

Female Reproductive System Fallopian tubes Also called the Oviducts (5 inches) Mature eggs released into fallopian tubes Egg moves through fallopian tube by peristalsis and tiny hairs called cilia Fallopian tubes is where FERTILIZATION happens!! Fertilization – haploid egg and sperm join to make a diploid zygote Zygote – fertilized egg

Female Reproductive System Parts & Terms to know Uterus Also called The Womb Protects and nourished the fetus during development If fertilization happens – the fertilized egg or zygote attaches to the uterine wall No fertilization – thickened uterine wall will shed in a process called menstruation Shape and size of a pear (expands considerably when pregnant)

Female Reproductive System Parts & Terms to know Vagina Receives the penis and semen during intercourse This is where the developed fetus will exit the female body. This is known as birth. Shape and size of a pear (expands considerably when pregnant)

DO NOW 11 Worksheet - Answer the Multiple Choice questions Female Reproductive System How well do you know the Female reproductive system?

Menstrual Cycle – NO fertilization

Menstrual Cycle The menstrual cycle: In the human female, a mature egg develops and leaves one of the ovaries about every 28 days known as ovulation During ovulation, the walls of the uterus have thickened with a rich supply of blood vessels and is prepared to accept a fertilized egg for development. If the egg is not fertilized, the built-up portion of the uterine wall breaks down along with the unfertilized egg and passes out of the body through the vagina. This process is known as Menstruation

Menstrual Cycle The menstrual cycle: Begins at puberty around age 12 Temporarily stops during pregnancy Permanently stops between the ages of 40-45. This is known as menopauses Menstrual cycle is controlled by interactions of 4 hormones FSH LH Estrogen Progesterone

Menstrual Cycle Follicle stage Ovulation stage Corpus luteum stage Menstruation is divided into 4 stages using these hormones: Follicle stage Ovulation stage Corpus luteum stage Menstruation stage

Follicle Stage FSH and Estrogen levels increase in the body

Follicle Stage (Day 1- 13) FSH Follicle Stimulating Hormone Secreted by pituitary gland Stimulates the development of an egg in a follicle in the ovary called Oogenesis

Follicle Stage (Day 1 -13) Estrogen (Day 7) As the egg matures and the follicle develops, ESTROGEN is secreted by the ovaries. Estrogen stimulates the lining of the uterus to thicken and become rich in blood vessels

Ovulation (Day 14) Negative Feedback – high levels of Estrogen in blood “tells” the pituitary gland to decrease FSH secretion Pituitary gland now secretes Luteinizing hormone (LH) which causes ovulation

Corpus Luteum (Day 15-27) After ovulation, cells fill the empty follicle to form a yellow body called the corpus luteum. Corpus luteum secretes the hormone progesterone. Progesterone - maintains the thickened uterine lining and prevents development of new follicles in the ovaries

Menstruation(Day 28) If fertilization does not occur: LH levels decrease The Corpus luteum breaks down causing Progesterone levels to decrease Menstruation - decreased progesterone causes thickened uterine walls to break down and shed out the vagina along with unfertilized egg Last about 4 days

Label the hormones Why is progesterone high during the Corpus Luteum stage?

DO NOW 101 Label the diagram (except #6)

DO NOW 66 Worksheet - Answer the Multiple Choice questions Menstruation How well do you know the Menstruation?

DO NOW 99 Complete the graphic organizer on the female reproductive system

DO NOW

Fertilization and Development

What if Fertilization DOES occur? DO NOW 13 In packet Only 1 questions (few parts)

What if Fertilization DOES occur? If fertilization occurs then the process of will not happen! An egg will become fertilized. A fertilized egg is known as a _________ Menstruation Zygote

Human Fertilization Fertilization – 1 sperm fuses with 1 egg creating a zygote Haploid Sperm + Haploid Egg = Diploid Zygote

Fertilization the Story Sperm are deposited in the vagina, travel past the cervix into the uterus then finally into BOTH fallopian tubes. Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube and creates variation! Any 1 of the 200 – 400 million unique sperm can fuse with the egg! The fertilized egg is called a zygote So technically you’re not 1 in a million… you’re one in 200 million! Many sperm secrete specific enzymes which begin to breakdown the outer surface of the egg (outer surface consists of protective material deposited by the follicle.

Fertilization the Story Can more than one egg be fertilized? Yes, if more than one egg is released Fraternal Twins – 2 separate eggs are fertilized by different sperm How are identical twins produced? When one zygote divides into two separate cells (2 zygotes) during cleavage

After Fertilization What happens after the egg has been fertilized in the fallopian tube? Fertilized egg (zygote) travels through the rest of the fallopian tube and begins to divide by Will every cell in the new baby have the EXACT same DNA? Why? MITOSIS

Meiosis -> Fertilization -> Mitosis As zygote travels in the oviduct, it begins a process called Cleavage Cleavage - process in the Oviduct where the zygote divides by mitosis increasing the amount of cells (forming 2 cells, 4 cells and so on) What do you notice about the size of the ball of cells as cleavage occurs? The number of cells increase by the size of the diving zygote remains the same

Meiosis -> Fertilization -> Mitosis As cleavage occurs, a ball of about 50 cells forms the morula Cells will keep on dividing into a hollow ball called the blastocyst Zygote Morula Blastocyst

Fertilization – Cleavage - _____________ Implantation After the zygote undergoes cleavage and becomes a blastocyst, what happens next? Implantation

Fertilization – Cleavage - Implantation After implantation of the blastocyst into the wall of the uterus, a process known as gastrulation occurs. Gastrulation: Blastocyst bend inwards and is called a gastrula The gastrula bends inwards and forms 3 different layers The three layers will differentiate into specialized tissues and organs

What the layers become?

Internal Development As the different body systems develop, the developing embryo needs nutrients! Yolk Sac – Provides nutrients for the early embryo before the umbilical cord and placenta form

Eventually the placenta and umbilical cord form

Placenta & Umbilical Cord Responsible for nourishing the fetus and removing fetal waste Filled with capillaries for _______________________ __________________________ diffuse into the embryo’s blood from the mother (for nourishment) ________________________________ diffuse into the mothers blood for removal Diffusion Nutrients and Oxygen Carbon Dioxide and other wastes

Placenta & Umbilical Cord The mother’s blood NEVER mixes with the blood of the fetus!! Why?

Placenta & Umbilical Cord The placenta gets the nutrients The nutrients travel through the umbilical cord to the fetus

Placenta & Diffusion Whatever the mother takes in her body during pregnancy will diffuse into the growing fetus! What does this mean: Mother smokes  chemicals diffuse into fetus Mother does drugs  drugs diffuse into fetus Mother eats pizza  nutrients diffuse into fetus Mother breathes oxygen  oxygen diffuses into fetus Mother breathes carbon monoxide  CO diffuses into fetus Mother drinks alcohol  alcohol diffuse into fetus

Placenta & Diffusion If an adult smokes, it can cause cancer, poor circulation, and many other problems. What is damaged in cells from chemicals in cigarettes? Do you get as much oxygen per breath if you smoke? This would be horrific for a developing fetus because cells are differentiating, meaning cells are growing and dividing into the actual tissues and major organs of the baby!! If cell division is “messed up” organs will form incorrectly, not completely or not at all! Less oxygen = low birth weight! Alcohol = #1 agent that causes defects Alcohol shuts down adult livers! Imagine the damage it can cause in a fetus

Do the data in the tables justify scientists' conclusions that alcohol causes physical abnormalities at birth by interfering with the normal development of the fetus? Defend your position with supporting data.

Baby is Born Baby is born after 9 months in humans! The time the baby takes to develop is known as gestation.

If squeamish do not look After the baby is born, the placenta will come out the vagina a few minutes after the baby …here is what the placenta looks like after the baby is born