1. HUMAN
REPRODUCTION

2. Fertilization – The union of a haploid/monoploid (n) sperm nucleus with a haploid/monoploid (n) egg nucleus.
Result = a diploid (2n) zygote

5. REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
IN HUMANS
Male Reproductive System
Three main functions
1. Production of sperm
2. Deposit sperm within the female
reproductive tract
3. Produce hormones

6. Testes are located in the scrotum, where the temperature is 2-4 degrees Celsius below body temp. (This provides an optimal temp. for the production and storage of sperm).
Sperm are stored in the epididymis.

7. Male Reproductive System
Seminal
Vesicle
Urinary
Bladder
Prostate
Urethra
Penis
Rectum
Epididymis
Cowper’s Gland
Testis
Vas deferens
Scrotum

8. 1. Semen – sperm (male gamete) PLUS the fluids secreted from the Cowpers Gland, Seminal Gland and Prostate Gland – these fluids carry, nourish, and protect the sperm
2. Testes – male gonads (reproductive organs) which produce the hormone testosterone (responsible for male secondary sex characteristics) and sperm (male gamete) – located outside abdominal cavity within the
3. Scrotum a saclike pouch ~2-4°C below normal body temperature- sperm can only form at this lower temp.

9. Male Reproductive System
1. Seminiferous tubules: coiled tubes in the testes where sperm are produced
2. Epididymis: a series of coiled tubes where sperm are stored and mature
3. Vas deferens: tube which carries sperm from each testis, past the lubricating glands to the urethra

10. 4.Lubricating Glands – produce fluids
that allow for organisms to reproduce
on land
(a.) Seminal vesicles: glands that
secrete fluid containing fructose to
nourish sperm and a fluid that is
alkaline (basic) to protect them from
the acidity of the female
reproductive tract
(b.) Prostrate gland: a gland that
produces a fluid that is milky white
in color and contains enzymes and
proteins to protect and support the
sperm during ejaculation
(c.) Cowper’s glands: also known as
bulbourethral glands, secrete an alkaline
(basic) fluid to lubricate the urethra
and neutralize urine that remains

11. Male Reproductive System
5. Urethra: tube in the penis that transports sperm out of the male’s body; also transports urine from the urinary bladder.
6. Penis: the male reproductive organ (copulatory organ) that releases semen and allows for internal fertilization
7. Ejaculation: the release of semen

12. Sperm move through a series of ducts to the urethra in the penis.
Glands such as the cowper’s gland, seminal vesicle, and prostate secrete various fluids into these ducts

13. Female Reproductive System
Ovaries produce eggs (ova) in tiny cavities called follicles.
All of the potential eggs that a female will ever release are present in an immature form at birth.

14. Female side view diagram
Oviduct(Fallopian Tube)
Ovary
Urinary Bladder
Uterus
Urethra
Rectum
Cervix
Vagina

15. Ovaries - female gonads (reproductive organs) which produce the sex hormones estrogen and progesterone (responsible for female secondary sex characteristics and regulating the menstrual cycle) – produce eggs/ova (female gamete) - functional from puberty to menopause
Oviducts (Fallopian Tubes) - tubes that carry the egg away from the ovary – fertilization occurs here

16. Uterus (womb) - thick, muscular, pear-shaped organ in the female mammal in which the embryo develops
Vagina - the structure leading from the uterus to the outside of the body in mammalian females
AKA… THE BIRTH CANAL
Cervix - the lower, narrow end of the uterus

17. Ovulation – once a month, a follicle will rupture and release one egg

18. Female Frontal View Fallopian Tube (Oviduct) Thickened Uterine Lining
Egg (n)
Ovary
Cervix
Follicle
Sperm Cell (n)
Vagina
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19. After the egg is released from a follicle, it is transported to the uterus through an oviduct or fallopian tube.
Female - side view diagram

20. Temporary cessation during pregnancy Permanent cessation at menopause
Menstrual Cycle
Begins at puberty (females age 11-12)
Temporary cessation during pregnancy
Permanent cessation at menopause
(approximately ages 45-55)
The cycle lasts about 28 days
Preparation of the uterus for a fertilized egg

21. Cycle consists of 4 stages
Follicle stage - Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
is secreted from anterior pituitary gland and it
stimulates an egg to mature in the follicle - the
ovary also produces the hormone estrogen
which initiates the vascularization (increased
blood supply) of the uterine lining
Ovulation stage - egg is released from the follicle
(approximately day 14) and Luteinizing Hormone
(LH) is secreted from the anterior pituitary gland
Corpus Luteum stage – the follicle becomes a
corpus luteum which secretes the hormone
progesterone which enhances the
vascularization of the uterine lining

22. Menstruation Stage - the periodic shedding
of the thickened uterine lining - it occurs
when fertilization does not take place – a
new cycle begins with the first day of
menstruation