1. Female Reproductive System

2. How eggs are formed: Oogenesis

3. 1. Ovary Eggs are produced by meiosis
Estrogen and progesterone are released (secondary sex characteristics)
During ovulation an egg is released

4. 2. Oviduct (Fallopian Tubes)
Where fertilization occurs
Oviducts are lined with cilia
Fertilization = union of egg and sperm (nucleus of each)
Fertilized egg = zygote

5. Internal vs. External Fertilization
Internal – occurs inside the body. Example: Humans
External – fertilization and development occur outside the body. Example: Fish

6. Tubal Ligation – procedure done if woman does not want any kids
Fallopian tubes are cut, burned, or blocked with rings, clips or bands.
Prevents sperm from reaching the fallopian tubes and prevents an egg to travel out of the ovary into the uterus

7. 3. Uterus
Where implantation (zygote attaches to wall of uterus) and development of an embryo occurs

8. 7. Cervix
Base of the Uterus that holds the baby in after implantation.

9. Diagram 1. Ovary 2. Oviduct 3. Uterus 4. Bladder 5. Urethra 6. Vagina
7. Cervix
8. Rectum

10. Life’s greatest Miracle
 Bangaii Cardinal fish female egg transfer

11. Hormones…..it’s not our fault!

12. Menstrual Cycle A) 28 day cycle
B) Series of changes in the ovary and uterus which prepares the female for pregnancy
C) Controlled by hormones
D) Hormones are secreted from the pituitary and ovaries
E) Begins at puberty

13. Hormones
Pituitary gland (brain)- secretes LH and FSH (follicle stimulation hormone)
Ovary – secretes Estrogen and Progesterone
Note: A follicle holds the eggs in an ovary

14. Follicle Stage (10 – 14 days)
FSH and Estrogen levels increase in the body
Uterus lining thickens

15. Ovulation (day 14)
LH (Luteinizing Hormone) increases to promote ovulation
Release of the egg into the oviduct
This is the most likely time an egg can be fertile

16. Corpus Luteum (10 days)
Progesterone levels increases and creates a thicker uterine lining to prevent another egg from ovulating

17. Menstruation (3 – 5 days)
Blood, muccus and uterine lining shed.

18. How do Hormones Regulate the Menstrual Cycle
FSH – growth of follicle
LH – ovulation
Estrogen and Progesterone – thick uterine lining and prevents ovulation

19. Menopause
Cessation (stopping) of the menstrual cycle (all of a woman’s eggs have been used)
Usually occurs after the age of 50

20. Twins
Fraternal – 2 eggs are released from the ovaries and fertilized by two different sperm.
Identical – one egg is released and fertilized by one sperm. The egg splits which results in identical twins.

21. Growth of a Zygote
Cleavage – stages of growth of a zygote by mitosis

22. Growth and Implantation of a Zygote
Blastocyst – hollow ball of cells that implants into the uterus (day 5)
Differentiation – the process by which cells become specialized. Example – kidneys, heart, skin, etc.

23. Fallopian Tubes (4)
Where fertilization happens

24. Uterus (6)
Where embryo implants and grows

25. *Placenta (3) Structure that attaches embryo to uterine wall
Exchange of substances (oxygen, nutrients, and wastes) occurs here by diffusion

26. Umbilical Cord (2) Attaches embryo to placenta
Transfers nutrients to growing embryo

27. Blood
Blood does not mix between mother and fetus

28. Amniotic Sac (5) Sac that is filled with fluid to protect the embryo
Amniocentesis – fluid is extracted to determine if the fetus has any genetic abnormalities

29. Cervix and Birth Canal (1)
Cervix – opening between the uterus and birth canal. Closed during pregnancy
Birth Canal – where fetus exits the mother head first during labor

30. Do Now What is a vasectomy?
How are the fluids released from glands important to the sperm?
Why is it important that the testes are held outside the body?
Besides sperm, what else if produced by the testes?

31. Do now How and where are ovum produced in a female?
Where does fertilization take place?
How does internal fertilization differ from external fertilization? Give an example of each.
What is the function of the uterus?

32. Do Now: Where are reproductive hormones secreted from?
How does FSH affect the menstrual cycle?
What happens to the levels of progesterone during menstruation?
What hormone would an ovulation test be testing for?

33. What is fertilization?
Where does fertilization happen?