1. 34.1 Reproductive Anatomy KEY CONCEPT Female and male reproductive organs fully develop during puberty.

2. 34.1 Reproductive Anatomy The female reproductive system produces ova. There are two main functions of the female reproductive system. –produce ova, or egg cells –provide a place where a zygote develops uterus cervix rectum vagina urethra urinary bladder pubic bone ovary fallopian tube

3. Function: Produce ova (eggs) and prepare the body to nourish a developing embryo Uterine tube: egg transport Uterus: embryo development Cervix: entrance to uterus Vagina: birth canal Anal Canal: waste excretion Perineum: skin between anus and vagina Ovary: produces eggs Bladder: urine storage Pubic bone: part of pelvis Labia minora Labia majora entrance to vagina Clitoris: external genitalia }

4. 34.1 Reproductive Anatomy Estrogen has three main functions. –develop female sexual characteristics –develop eggs –prepare uterus for pregnancy

5. 34.1 Reproductive Anatomy The male reproductive system produces sperm. There are two main functions of the male reproductive system. –produce sperm cells –deliver sperm to the female reproductive system urinary bladder vas deferens pubic bone prostate gland penis urethra testis scrotum epididymis bulbourethral gland rectum seminal vesicle

6. Function: Produce and deliver sperm Penis: external reproductive organ Urethra: carries urine from bladder to outside of body; tube through which semen is released

7. Seminal vesicle: produces seminal fluid (semen without the sperm) Prostate gland: seminal fluid Bulbourethral gland: seminal fluid Vas deferens: tube for sperm transport Epididymis: sperm maturation and storage Testis: sperm production Scrotum: external sac containing testes

8. 34.1 Reproductive Anatomy Testosterone has two main functions. –developing male sexual characteristics –producing sperm

9. 34.2 Reproductive Processes TEKS 6G, 10A KEY CONCEPT Human reproductive processes depend on cycles of hormones.

10. 34.2 Reproductive Processes TEKS 6G, 10A Eggs mature and are released according to hormonal cycles. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH) regulate egg production. –meiosis produces eggs and polar bodies –each egg has 23 chromosomes –meiosis is completed at fertilization potential egg first polar body second polar body ovum (egg) Meiosis I Completed Meiosis II Completed only after sperm enters

11. 34.2 Reproductive Processes TEKS 6G, 10A FSH, LH, and estrogen stimulate the release of eggs. –follicle ruptures at ovulation –egg travels into fallopian tube –ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum fallopian tube egg cell egg released corpus luteum uterine wall ovary follicle uterus 5 to 7 days to uterus

12. 34.2 Reproductive Processes TEKS 6G, 10A Eggs mature and are released according to hormonal cycles. The menstrual cycle has three phases. –flow phase: endometrium sheds –follicular phase: ovulation occurs –luteal phase: corpus luteum forms

13. 34.2 Reproductive Processes TEKS 6G, 10A

14. The menstrual cycle stops at menopause. –cycle continues until a woman’s mid-40’s or 50’s –decline in hormone levels make cycles irregular –eventually, cycle stops altogether

15. 34.2 Reproductive Processes TEKS 6G, 10A Sperm production in the testes is controlled by hormones. Testosterone, FSH, and LH stimulate sperm production. –one sex cell divides into four sperm –each sperm has 23 chromosomes potential sperm 4 sperm cells Meiosis I Meiosis II

16. 34.2 Reproductive Processes TEKS 6G, 10A acrosome head midpiece tail mitochondria nucleus with 23 chromosomes Sperm cells fully mature in the epididymis. –head contains acrosome –midpiece contains ATP –tail allows mobility

17. 34.2 Reproductive Processes TEKS 6G, 10A Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell joins an egg cell. Sperm penetrates an egg. –membrane keeps out other sperm –nucleus of sperm joins with egg –zygote formed

18. 34.2 Reproductive Processes TEKS 6G, 10A Multiple zygotes can result from fertilization. –identical twins from the same egg –fraternal twins from two separate eggs Infertility makes reproduction difficult or impossible.