Gene Technology Manipulating the code

Human Genome Project We know human genome is approx. 30,000 genes & over 6 bill. nucleotide bases We know sequence of most genes Genomic library of information used for potentially lots of cures

Forms of Gene Manipulation cloning Inducing mutations Selective Breeding Select parents with desirable phenotypes– “mass selection” hybridization - mating offspring express “hybrid vigor”

Liger/Tigon

Liger Information An average adult male liger can weigh over 900 pounds. An adult male Siberian tiger can grow to an average weight of 500 pounds, An adult African lion can average 450 pounds. The reproductive process that creates a liger leaves out the growth inhibitor gene present in the male lion and the female tiger, and the result is an enormous offspring that has the best physical and mental characteristics of the parents. It is important to note that there are no documented cases of ligers appearing naturally in the wild. Lions and tigers do not share territory and the chances of contact between the two groups is slim due to their differing natures.

Direct genetic manipulation – Recombinant DNA; Transgenic organisms (chimeras) Remove “bad” gene and insert “good” gene or… Combining DNA from 2 different organisms Requires recognition of coding sequences of gene, including promotors and enhancers

Centaur – half man, half horse

Tools Genomic maps of DNA Genomic libraries Restriction Enzymes (DNA scissors) cut at known sequences in specific places (pallindromes) Cloning vector Surrogate eggs, mothers, or bacterial plasmid

Benefits of transplanted Genes Make drugs easily & cheaply, i.e. insulin Make vaccines New and useful chimeras – genetically engineered crops for disease or insect resistance, increased yield Save DNA from endangered species Gene therapy for genetic disorders

DNA Fingerprinting DNA is unique to each individual By comparing DNA found in blood samples, tissue samples, etc. , we can use DNA as a way to identify people, criminals, etc. Can determine genetic defects

RFLP Analysis Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Extract DNA & make copies PCR or polymerase chain reaction fragment with restriction enzymes Separate fragments in gel electrophoresis Photograph and compare - 5 banding images is a match

Genethics Moral and ethical implications of genetic engineering Cloning a super race Frankenfoods Bringing back the dead What are YOUR concerns?