1. DNA Technology & Genomics
Manipulating the code
Ch 12

2. What if you wanted to change your traits?
Centaur – half man, half horse

3. Genetic Engineering vs. DNA Biotechnology
Based on knowledge of Human Genome Project
Craig Venter & Celera Genomics
Over 6 bill. Nucleotide bases in 20-30,000 genes!
Established nucleotide sequence of genes (genomics) and proteins made (proteomics) & how they interact

4. Changing Traits - Gene Manipulation
Inducing mutations to DNA
Selective Breeding
Select parents with desirable phenotypes– “mass selection”
hybridization
offspring express “hybrid vigor”

5. Liger/Tigon

6. Liger Information An average adult male liger can weigh over 900 pounds.
An adult male Siberian tiger can grow to an average weight of 500 pounds,
An adult African lion can average 450 pounds.
The reproductive process that creates a liger leaves out the growth inhibitor gene present in the male lion and the female tiger, and the result is an enormous offspring that has the best physical and mental characteristics of the parents.
It is important to note that there are no documented cases of ligers appearing naturally in the wild. Lions and tigers do not share territory and the chances of contact between the two groups is slim due to their differing natures.

9. Direct gene manipulation – Genetic Engineering
Changing actual gene code of organism
Recombinant DNA - Combining DNA from 2 different organisms
Creates a chimera or transgenic organism
Requires recognition of coding sequences of gene, including promotors, terminators, transcription factors and enhancers

10. Tools Genomic maps of DNA Genomic libraries
Restriction Enzymes/Restriction Endonucleases (DNA scissors) cut at known sequences in specific places (pallindromes)
Ligase
Cloning vector
Surrogate mothers, bacterial plasmid, yeasts, or viruses

14. Benefits of Genetic Engineering
Make drugs easily & cheaply, i.e. insulin
Make vaccines
New and useful chimeras – genetically engineered crops for disease or insect resistance, increased yield
Save DNA from endangered species
Customized Rx – metabomics

17. Risks? Genethics?
Moral and ethical implications of genetic engineering
Cloning a super race
Frankenfoods
Bringing back the dead
What are YOUR concerns?

18. Gene Therapy & cloning
How to transfer the correct gene into an affected individual?
Cloning vectors
Bacterial plasmids
Viruses
yeasts

23. What is cloning?

26. DNA Fingerprinting
Comparison of DNA found in blood samples, tissue samples, etc. to identify individuals for classification, criminology, paternity suits, etc.
Can determine diseases & genetic defects
Tracing family history & evolution

28. RFLP Analysis Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
Extract DNA & make copies
PCR or Polymerase Chain Reaction
“digest” with restriction enzymes
Separate fragments in gel electrophoresis
compare - 5 banding images is a match