1. Applied Genetics: DNA Technology & Genomics
Manipulating the code
Text Ch 31

2. What can you change? Changing phenotype Changing genotype
The genes that are expressed
The genes turned “on”
Changing genotype
Your alleles, your DNA code for the traits you have or carry

3. Controlled Breeding Mass selection
Choosing parents with the best traits for a cross (or mating) from a large selection of phenotypes
“the gene pool”

4. Inbreeding Breeding of closely related organisms results in Purebreds
Brother/sister
Self-pollinated plants
results in Purebreds
Homozygous recessive, homozygous dominant
MM x MM
mm x mm

6. Hybridization
Using parents with 2 different traits to produce new combinations of traits
Mm x Mm
Results in “hybrid vigor”
Offspring have better traits than either parent

7. Liger/Tigon

8. Zonkey

9. polyploidy
Condition of having more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes
Caused by genetic errors in mitosis
“Induced” by chemicals or radiation

10. Gene manipulation Based on knowledge of Human Genome Project
Examined over 6 bill. Nucleotide bases in 20-30,000 genes!
Location of genes on chromosomes established
Once you know where the genes are, you can change them!!

11. Genetic Engineering Directly changing the gene code of organism
Recombinant DNA - Combining DNA from 2 different organisms
Creates a chimera or transgenic organism
Must recognize coding sequences of genes must understand how to turn genes on
gene expression

12. Tools Genomic maps of DNA so you know where genes are on chromosomes
Genomic libraries of genetic information
Restriction Enzymes
Enzyme scissors that cut the DNA molecule
Ligase – enzyme glue
Plasmid
A bacterial gene that is easy to work with

14. Benefits of Genetic Engineering
Make drugs easily & cheaply, i.e. insulin
Make vaccines
New and useful chimeras
genetically engineered crops for disease or insect resistance, increased yield
Save DNA from endangered species
What else???

16. Risks? Genethics?
Moral and ethical implications of genetic engineering
Cloning a super race
Frankenfoods
Bringing back the dead
What are YOUR concerns?

17. Gene Therapy & cloning
How to transfer the correct gene into an affected individual?
Cloning vectors
A carrier of genetic info. used to transmit genetic information

18. Cloning Making exact copies of DNA, making exact copies of YOU
Mitosis, binary fission, vegetative propagation, regeneration
Recall, all somatic cells contain all DNA information your body needs to make you
i.e., a cheek cell contains the DNA to become a heart cell

21. DNA Fingerprinting
Comparison of DNA found in blood samples, tissue samples, etc. to identify individuals for classification, criminology, paternity suits, etc.
Can determine diseases & genetic defects
Tracing family history & evolution

23. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
DNA fingerprinting
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
Cut DNA of individual with restriction enzymes
Separate fragments in gel electrophoresis
compare - 5 banding images is a match