INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC SPEECH GETTING STARTED

A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. - Chinese Proverb

Why Study Public Speaking?  Empowerment  Employment “ I will pay more for a person’s ability to speak and express himself than for any other quality he might possess.” Charles M. Schwab

Speaking & Conversation  Public Speaking is planned  Public Speaking is formal  The roles of public speakers & the audiences are clearly defined

The Communication Process CHANNEL NOISE SOURCE/SPEAKER MESSAGE RECEIVERFEEDBACK

 The Speaker- the originator of the communication message  Message- ideas and feelings presented to an audience through words, sound, and action symbols that are selected and organized by the speaker and interpreted by members of the audience.  The Speech- contains the message

 Encoding- the process of transforming ideas and feelings into words, sounds, and actions  Decoding- the process of transforming messages back into ideas and feelings  The Channel- both the route traveled by the message and the means of transportation (Visual & Auditory)  The Audience- your entire reason for speaking  The Context- the interrelated conditions of communication

 Physical Setting- the location, time of day, light, temperature, distance between communicators, and seating arrangement.  Historical setting-previous communication episodes  Psychological Setting- the manner in which people perceive both themselves and those with whom they communicate

 Noise- any stimulus that gets in the way of sharing meanings  External Noise- sights, sounds, and other stimuli that interfere with intended meaning  Internal Noise- thoughts and feelings that interfere with meaning  Semantic noise- alternate meanings aroused by speaker  Feedback- verbal/non-verbal responses to message

Vocabulary  Elocution- the expression of emotion through posture, movement, gestures, facial expression, and voice.  Declamation- The delivery of already famous address.  Rhetoric- the use of words and symbols to achieve a goal

Speaking Ethically

ETHICS  Beliefs, values, and moral principles by which people determine what is right or wrong  Free speech? (Must be balanced by responsibility to speak ethically)

SPEAKING ETHICALLY  HAVE A CLEAR, RESPONSIBLE GOAL  USE SOUND EVIDENCE & REASONING  BE SENSITIVE & TOLERANT OF DIFFERENCES  BE HONEST  AVOID PLAGIARISM & PLAGIAPHRASING

 DO YOUR OWN WORK  ACKNOWLEDGE YOUR SOURCES

VOCABULARY  Ethnocentrism: self culture is superior to others  Cultural Intelligence: Skilled & flexible

Listening

Seven laws to better listening  Spend more time listening  Find interest in the other person  Stay out of the way  Listen to what people mean between the lines  Make notes  Assume the proper stance  Be aware of your filters

 We spend more time listening than reading, writing, and speaking.  Hearing is a physiological process that occurs when you’re in the vicinity of vibration. It is basically a passive process occurs without any attention or effort on your part.

 Listening involves 5 steps:  Receiving – hearing and attending  Understanding – learning and deciphering meaning  Remembering- recalling and retaining  Evaluating- judging and criticizing  Responding- answering and giving feedback

I. The Listening Process Receiving ( stimuli ) Under- standing (assign meaning) Remembering (reconstructive) Evaluating (pos. or neg.) Responding (back- channeling cues or feedback)

II.Listening, Culture, Gender A.Culture Effects: 1.Speech 2.Nonverbal Behaviors

3.Direct and Indirect Styles 4.Credibility 5.Feedback B.Gender & Listening

III.Styles of Effective Listening A.Participatory and Passive Passive listening – listening that is attentive and supportive but occurs without talking and without directing the speaker in any nonverbal way. Also used negatively to refer to inattentive an uninvolved listening.

B.Empathic and Objective  Empathic listening – listening that warrants that you feel and see what speaker feels and sees.  Objective Listening- the ability to gather information beyond what you see and hear.

 Non-judgmental listening-and listening with an open mind.  Critical listening- listening to evaluate the quality, value, appropriateness and importance of what you hear.

STYLES,CONT’D  PEOPLE ORIENTED  THEY EXPRESS FEELINGS & EMOTIONS  ARE HIGHLY EMPATHETIC  SEEK COMMON GROUND  ACTION ORIENTED  INFORMATION WELL ORGANIZED  EVIDENCE

 CONTENT ORIENTED  PREFER COMPLEX INFORMATION  DETAILS  MAKE GOOD LAWYERS/JUDGES  TIME ORIENTED  SUCCINCT MESSAGES  BRIEF

IV.Active Listening = is a skill that produces therapeutic effects

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A.Purposes of Active Listening 1.Increases Accuracy 2.Validation of Others Feelings

3.Prompts the Speaker to Explore Their Own Thoughts & Feelings B.Techniques 1.Paraphrase Speaker’s Meaning

2.Express Understanding of Speaker’s Feelings 3.Ask Questions