How Informative & Persuasive Speeches are Similar: Extemporaneous delivery Time limit (4-6 minutes) Outline required Same number of sources (four)

How Persuasive & Informative Speeches Differ: Pattern of organization may change: –Probably: Problem-solution (Need-Plan) – p. 182 Monroe’s motivated sequence – p. 348 Refutational (Both-Sides Method) Topical – p. 183 –Possibly: Causal (Logical) – p. 181

Differences continued: Patterns of organization: –Rarely used: ChronologicalDifficultySpatial Language of persuasion: “convince,” “encourage,” “change,” “influence,” etc. Conclusion/close with appeal No presentational aid required

Three Goals of Persuasive Speaking Accept your interpretation of disputed facts Align audience’s beliefs, attitudes, and values more closely with you Motivate audience to action

Need-Plan (Problem-Solution) Usually either 2 or 3 main points: –(1) Problem, (2) Solution –(1) Problem, (2) Effect, (3) Solution –(1) Problem, (2) Cause, (3) Solution

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence Attention (Introduction) Need (probably 1 st main point) Satisfaction (probably 2 nd main point) Visualization (either 3 rd point or conclusion) Action (conclusion/closing appeal)

Both-Sides (Refutational) Acknowledge opposing arguments (con) Refute opposing arguments. Support your own claims (pro)

Three Forms of Persuasive Proof Ethos – Speaker’s credibility Pathos – Emotional proof Logos – Use of reasoning & logic

Three Components of Credibility (Ethos) Competence – Aristotle’s “good sense” Character – Aristotle’s “good character” Charisma – Aristotle’s “goodwill” Credibility is always determined by the audience. A related issue: “impression management” (portraying an appropriate front, dramatic realization, & mystification) (portraying an appropriate front, dramatic realization, & mystification)

Appeal to Human Needs & Emotions (Pathos): Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

The Use of Emotion (Pathos) Brydon & Scott (2008). From One to Many.

Choosing a Topic Stay away from “tired topics.” Avoid “sales pitch,” i.e., no product advertisements. Avoid political advertisements for specific candidates. What makes you angry? About what do you feel strongly? Think issues!