Ch 7 Immigrants and Urbanization

Identify and explain the significance Ch 7 Section 1 Terms & names Ellis Island Angel island Melting pot Nativism Section 2 Urbanization Americanization movement Tenement Mass transit Social gospel Settlement house Jane Addams Section 3 Political Machine Graft Boss Tweed Patronage Civil Service Pendleton Civil Service Act DIRECTIONS For each term Explain what it is AND why its important to this time period.

Section 1 The New immigrants Push factors Famine, land shortages or religious and political persecution Pull Factors A better life, rel. freedom, pol. freedom “birds of passage” immigrate, temporarily and return with money

Europeans New Immigrants came from Italy, Austria-Hungary and Russia Southern and Eastern Europe Italy, Austria-Hungary and Russia Left for religious persecution Pogroms – organized attacks

Chinese and Japanese Chinese came in smaller numbers Gold rush Work on the trains Japanese workers Recruited by Hawaiian planters (annexed in 1898) High wages drove more people here

Life in the New land A difficult Journey 1 week from Europe 3 weeks from Asia Crowded together not allowed on deck, no exercise or fresh air Disease spread quickly Ellis Island in New York Harbor Detained for inspection 5 hours to a few days Checked for medical and legal reasons

Cont. Angel Island -San Francisco –West Coast Settled in communities together (homogeneous) Formed organizations to help themselves

Chinese Exclusion Act In 1882-Banned entry to all Chinese Except students, teachers, merchants tourist and government officials Not repealed until 1943

Melting Pot The true picture Americanization?

Gentlemen's Agreement After California passed segregation law in the school against Japanese Japan Agreed to restrict unskilled labor in exchange for the repeal of the segregation

The Rise of Nativism Nativism, overt favoritism toward native-born Americans KKK rises in numbers in response to immigration

Section 2 the Challenges of Urbanization Urban Opportunities Urbanization –rapid growth of cities Immigrants settle in the cities Americanization movement – designed to assimilate people into the dominant culture Ethnic communities supplied support Migration from country to city Fewer farm laborers needed African Americans move to cities

Urban Problems Housing Housing outside cities had transportation problems Tenements, multifamily urban dwellings Transportation – mass transit- street cars, electric subways Water- safe drinking water was a problem Diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever Filtration and then chlorination in 1908

Cont. Crime- first full timed salaried police force in 1844 Fire- limited water supply caused problems

Section 2 mapping

Section 3 Politics in the Gilded Age The Emergence of Political Machines Organized group that controlled the activities of a political party by controlling votes, courts and police The Role of the Political Boss Access to municipal jobs and business licenses Some used this to help Provided solutions Helped with immigration, naturalization, jobs and housing

Municipal Graft and Scandal Election Fraud Take advantage of position for personal gain – Graft Kickback system Took bribes to allow illegal activities, such as gambling.

the Kickback

Civil Service Replaces Patronage Giving government jobs to people who had helped a candidate get elected Spoils System Reformers began to push for the elimination of the spoils System and adoption of the merit system Civil Service jobs –government administration – should go to the most qualified

Hayes, Garfield and Arthur Republican president Rutherford B. Hayes was elected in 1876 tried to get congress to reform –

2000 presidential election

Hayes, Garfield and Arthur Republican split In 1880 The republicans run James A. Garfield a reformer and Chester A. Arthur a Stalwart Stalwarts Reformers (halfbreeds) Did not want change Supported reforms to end spoils system Chester A. Arthur VP James A. Garfield P

Assassination of Garfield Garfield was assassinated by Charles Guiteau on July 2, 1881 only a few months after taking office Arthur now president had to adjust- becoming a reformer Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883

Business Buys Influence With the end of the spoil system politicians turned to wealthy business owners for campaign contributions Grover Cleveland first democrat elected in 28 years Tried to lower tariffs – no congress support Ran for reelection in 1888 but lost to Benjamin Harrison

Tariff Reform Free Traders Protectionist No tariff or low tariff Do not copy Tariff Reform Free Traders No tariff or low tariff Supported by farmers People who thought the treasure had too much money Protectionist High tariff Supported by business owners Wanted protection for American business