1. Chapter 7 Immigrants and Urbanization Section 3 Politics in the Gilded Age

2. Emergence of political machines Def: organized group that controlled activities of political parties in a city Pyramid-like organization –Base = precinct workers and captains –Middle = ward bosses –Top = city bosses Bosses controlled access to municipal jobs and business licenses Influenced immigrants by providing aid

3. Municipal graft and scandal Graft: illegal use of political influence for personal gain William “Boss” Tweed –Head of Tammany Hall –NYC Dems. –Extortion and fraud Thomas Nast –Exposed bosses

4. Civil service replaces patronage  Patronage: giving of gov’t jobs to people who had helped a candidate get elected  Civil service: gov’t admin.  Rutherford B. Hayes Rep. president, elected in 1876 Named independents to cabinet Customhouse commission

5.  James A. Garfield Independent candidate 1881 Appt’d reformers Assassinated by Charles Guiteau  Chester A. Arthur Stalwart turned reformer Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883: bipartisan commission oversee federal apptmnts.

6. Business Buys Influence Grover ClevelandGrover Cleveland –Only president to serve two non-consecutive terms –1 st term 1884; tried to lower tariff rates but denied by Congress –2 nd term 1892; refuses to sign McKinley Tariff Benjamin HarrisonBenjamin Harrison –1888, 23 rd president –Raised tariffs with McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 William McKinleyWilliam McKinley –1896 25 th president, raised tariffs more

7. Class Activity With a partner, a) create a political cartoon or b) act out a quick skit on one of the following topics: With a partner, a) create a political cartoon or b) act out a quick skit on one of the following topics:  How a political machine uses graft  How political bosses provide services to immigrants in exchange for their votes  How a political machine affects taxpayers