Time of the Cossacks-Hetman state Time of the Cossacks-Hetman state. Ukraine under the reign of the Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empires. Plan The Cossacks. National liberation movement under the leadership of Bohdan Khmelnytskiy. Narrowing of the autonomy and liquidation of Zaporizhian Sich. Ukraine under the direct imperial Russian rule. Western Ukraine under the Habsburg monarchy.

The Cossacks after 1400 that the Cossacks emerge as an established and identifiable group in historical accounts Cossack society was a loose federation of independent communities, often merging into larger units of a military character, entirely separate from, and mostly independent of, other nations two independent territorial organisations: Zaporizhia and the Don Cossack State

Hetman was the title used by commanders of the Ukrainian Dnieper Cossacks from the end of the 16 century Zaporizka Sich was the social and political and military and administrative organization of the Ukrainian Cossacks, founded in the first part of XVI century beyond the Dnieper banks in the area of Khortitsia island by 1618 the Zaporozhians were members of the Anti-Turkish League after 1624 the Cossacks began to devote their martial energies to land-based campaigns

View of the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station from Khortytsia.

The importance of Zaporozhian Cossacks in shaping the Ukrainian identity means that the Greater Coat of arms of Ukraine features a Zaporozhian Cossack figure on the right of the national emblem

National liberation movement under the leadership of Bohdan Khmelnytskiy. Narrowing of the autonomy and liquidation of Zaporizhian Sich. Khmelnytsky Uprising continued from 1648–1657 or 1654 Bohdan Khmelnytsky: was elected Captain of the registered Cossacks in Chyhyryn organized supporters and plotted an uprising against the Polish landlords he sought the aid of the Crimean Tatars was elected by The Cossack Rada as Hetman in 1648

Bohdan Khmelnytsky

gained numerous privileges for the Cossacks under the Treaty of Zboriv was abandoned by his former allies the Crimean Tatars in 1654 Khmelnytsky persuaded the Cossacks to ally with the Russian tsar in the Treaty of Pereyaslav

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1648

Diminished scope of Polish-Lithuanian control

the Treaty of Pereyaslav: gave the Ukrainian Cossack state the protection of the tsar.  Moscow demanded taxes to be collected from the Ukrainian people Moscow used the Treaty as a ‘backdoor’ to future Ukrainian internal affairs the Cossacks became more and more integrated into the Russian Empire Cossacks gradually lost their independence, and were abolished by Catherine II in 1775

Ukraine in the membership of Russian and Austrian empires During almost 150 years Ukrainians were under the power of two empires: 80 percent were subject to the Russian emperor; the rest settled the empire of Habsburgs. Like all empires those of the Russian Romanovs and the Austrian Habsburgs were vast territorial conglomerates containing huge populations of ethnically and culturally diverse peoples. Political power was highly centralized and vested in the person of the emperor who saw no need to take into account the views or desires of his subjects.

Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule. The Russian empire: was one of the biggest in the world. differed from other European countries by its political system. tsars-emperors had an unlimited power tsars had absolute power over all nationals in all areas of their life. as for the language and culture, the Ukrainians were closely subjected to Russians the government soon began to consider Ukraine as Russian side.

The Russian Empire in 1866

feature of imperial presence in Ukraine was the army the term of service accounted 25 years corruption at which government silently closed the eyes was everywhere Ukrainian lands lost all traces of their national distinctiveness the territories were reorganized into regular Russian provinces the Ukrainian nobility gradually became Russified process of enserfment of the peasantry culminated in 1783 under Catherine

Serfdom remained until the emancipation of 1861 the development of industry especially in eastern Ukraine the growing urban centres became highly Russified The first modern university in Ukraine was established in 1805 at Kharkiv Universities had a stimulative effect on the Ukrainian national movement Literature became the primary vehicle for the Ukrainian national revival

was bought out of servitude by a group of artists The most important writer was Taras Shevchenko: was bought out of servitude by a group of artists his poetry reflected a conception of Ukraine as a free and democratic society had a profound influence on the development of Ukrainian political thought his patriotic verse earned him arrest and years of exile in Central Asia

the revolution in 1905 transformed the tsarist autocracy into a semiconstitutional monarchy some easing in Ukrainian national life Duma in 1906 provided Ukrainians with a new forum to press their national concerns

Administrative divisions of Russian Empire superimposed on map of Ukraine

Western Ukraine under the Habsburg monarchy. Halychyna, Bukovina andTranscarpathia were under the Habsburg monarchy striking feature of this empire remained its ethnic variety Zakarpattya was included to the Hungarian part of the Habsburg’s empire and was isolated from other Ukrainian lands Ukrainians in Austria enjoyed greater opportunities for their national development and made greater progress than did Ukrainians in tsarist Russia

The Austrian Empire

the reforms initiated by Maria Theresa and Joseph II improved the position of Ukrainians improvement in the legal and social position of the Ukrainian urban population allowance for instruction in the native language the Greek Catholic church became a major national and religious, institution the revolution of 1848 set in motion important transformations in Galician society the corvée was abolished in 1848 impoverishment of the Ukrainian peasantry increased emigration to the Americas began in the 1880s

there were pro-Russian sympathies among the older the Russophiles promoted a hybrid Ukrainian- Russian language and a cultural and political orientation toward Russia By the outbreak of World War I, Ukrainians in Austrian part of Ukraine: were still an overwhelmingly agrarian and politically disadvantaged society had made impressive educational and cultural advances possessed a large native intelligentsia and an extensive institutional infrastructure achieved a high level of national consciousness

References : 1. Декларація про державний суверенітет України. Прийнята Верховною Радою Української РСР 16 липня 1990 року. - К. 1991. 2.  Акт проголошення незалежності України, прийнятий Верховною Радою України 24 серпня 1991 року. - К. 1991. 3.  Конституція України. Прийнята  на п'ятій сесії Верховної Ради України 28 червня 1996 року. - К. 1996. 4.   Крип'якевич І. П. Історія України. - Львів, 1990. 5.   Полонська-Василенко Н. Історія України. Т. 1-2.-К. 1992. 6. Andrew Wilson. The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation. Yale University Press; 2nd edition (2002). 7. Anna Reid. Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine. London, Orion Books; 4th impression (1998, preface 2003). 8. Mykhailo Hrushevsky. History of Ukraine-Rus’ in 9 volumes. 9. Orest Subtelny. Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1988). 10. Paul Robert Magocsi. A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1996).