1. Westernization of Russia

2. Results of Peter’s Westernization
Forms military hierarchy
Navy created
Bureaucratic changes
Noble council replaced by appointed advisors
Set up law codes
Revised tax system
Economy
Metallurgy and mining expand
State run munitions & shipbuilding
Serf labor used in manufacturing
Culture
Only affected upper class
Greater freedom of women
Requires nobles to shave beards & dress like Westerners
Educational improvements
Math & science

4. Consolidation under Catherine the Great
Weak rulers follow after Peter I dies in 1725
Catherine, Peter III’s widow, becomes an effect ruler
She becomes Empress in 1762
Resumes Peter the Great’s interests
Expand central power after several rebellions

6. Defeats Napoleon defeated 1812
Embraced Westernization
Absolutism
Nobles empowered over serfs
Bans writings of liberals & democrats after French Revolution
Expansion
Crimea from Ottomans
Extends colonization of Siberia
Claim Alaskan territory
Explores settle in N. California
Partition of Poland
Eliminates Poland as an independent state
Divides Poland into three partitions among Russia, Austria, & Prussia
Defeats Napoleon defeated 1812
1st time Russia moves into heartland of W. Europe

7. Themes in Early Russia History
Serfdom: The life of the Masses
During 17th & 18Th centuries power of boyars over serfs increased
Most peasants free farmers prior to Mongol rule
Serfdom allowed government to placate nobles & control peasants
Serfdom extended with expansion

8. 1649 – serfdom becomes hereditary
Serfs legally tied to the land and legal rights of landlords increased
Very close to slavery
Serfs could be bought, sold, punished….
Serfs taxed and policed by landlords
Poland, Hungary, and other Eastern European countries mirrored serfdom in Russia

9. II. Trade and Economic Dependence
95% of population was rural
Small merchant class due to fear of social competition by nobility
Russian trade controlled by Westerners
Relied on Western shipping
Produced enough revenue from exports to continue expansion
Russia’s population doubles in 18th century
Economy advanced

10. Russia’s economic and social system protested
III. Social Unrest
Russia’s economic and social system protested
Radishev – western oriented aristocrat called for abolition of serfdom
Peasant rebellions
Pugachev Rebellion
Pugachev was a Cossack who claimed to be the legitimate tsar
Promised to end serfdom, taxes, & military conscription
Defeated and killed publically in Moscow
Catherine the Great & nobility triumph

12. IV. Russia & Eastern Europe
Growing trade with the West sparked cultural exchange
Balkans
Under Ottoman control
Influenced by the Enlightenment
Poland
Under control of Catholic sphere
Internal weakness lead to Partition
Many other states such as Hungary & Bohemia lost political autonomy