1. Rise of Austria and Prussia Chapter 16, Section 4

2. Thirty Years’ War Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, Roman, or an empire Emperor had little power over the many rival princes Religion further divided German states War began in Czech Republic Ferdinand- Catholic Hapsburg king of Bohemia- sought to suppress Protestants and to assess royal power over nobles Defenestration of Prague- Protestant noblemen tossed two royal officials out of a castle window Tried to roll back the reformation

3. Outcome of Thirty Years’ War Mercenaries- soldiers for hire- burned villages, destroyed crops, killed without mercy Murder, torture, famine Depopulation 1/3 of population in German states died because of the war

4. Peace Peace of Westphalia- treaty aspired to bring about a general European peace and to settle international problems France emerged as a clear winner and gained territory from Spain and Germany Thirty Years’ War left German lands divided into more than 360 separate states

5. Hapsburg Austria Changes its Focus Hapsburgs stilled wanted a strong united state Kept the title Holy Roman Emperor but focused their attention on expanding their own lands Austria was soon added to Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland

6. Unity Uniting lands is difficult Diverse cultures Hapsburg Empire included Germans, Magyars, Slavs, and others People had their own languages, laws, political assemblies, and customs. Hapsburgs sent German speaking officials to Bohemia and Hungary and settled Austrians on ands that their seized in other provinces

7. The War of the Austrian Succession Frederick II of Prussia sized the rich Hapsburg empire Maria Theresa set off for Hungary to appeal for military to help the Hungarians Made a plea to assemble Hungarian nobles She eventually got help from Britain and Russia who did not want Prussia to upset the balance of power by gaining new lands Maria Theresa strengthened Hapsburg power by recognizing bureaucracy and improving tax collection Forced nobles and clergy to pay taxes and tried to ease the burden of taxes and labor services on peasants

8. Hohenzollern Prussia Prussia: Protestant power Scattered lands across northern Germany Set up a bureaucracy Frederick William I- Prussian ruler- gained loyalty of the Prussian nobles- gave them positions in army and government Reduced nobles independence and increased his control By 1740- Prussia was strong enough to challenge its rival Austria

9. The Rivalry of Great Powers 1750- Great European powers included Austria, Prussia, France, Britain, and Russia Formed various alliances Conflict occurred Treaty of Paris- ended in favor of the British

10. Absolutism in Russia

11. Peter the Great Modernizes Russia 1600s- Russia was still a medieval state Untouched by Renaissance or the Reformation Period of disorder and foreign invasion Tsar who was strong enough to turn it around- Peter the Great

12. Peter the Great Just 10 years old when he took the throne Not well educated Heard of new technology that would help him become a powerful monarch Went throughout Western Europe to understand the Western Europe lifestyle Wanted to bring Russia to be like the West- westernization Autocratic- Ruled with unlimited authority