The Transformation of American Society Section One: The New Immigrants

I. The Lure of America A new wave of immigrants The journey Old immigrants-1800-1880- 10 million- northwest Europe- protestant New immigrants- 1891-1910- 12 million- southern or eastern Europe Czech, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Russian, and Slovak- most were Catholic, Greek Orthodox, or Jewish reasons The journey 1. Ocean journey in steerage

II. Arriving in America Ellis Island, New York 1892- Statue of Liberty Physical exam and questioning Angel Island, San Francisco a. Asian immigrants- faced stricter laws

III. A New Life Most settled in crowded cities Low-paying, unskilled jobs Immigrant communities Religious institutions- helped with transition Cultural practices- parents’ old world, children adopted American culture Immigrant worker- “dirty work” a. Difficult and physically exhausting

IV. The Nativist Response Many blamed immigrants for social problems- crime, poverty, and violence Opposed for economic reasons- took jobs and lowered wages Chinese exclusion Workingmen’s Party of California 1882- Chinese Exclusion Act- denied citizenship Immigration Restriction League 1894- literacy test on all immigrants Vetoed by President Cleveland

Assignment Complete section review questions 1-4 on page 497

Section Two The Urban World

I. The Changing City Second Industrial Revolution- increase in city populations and sizes. WHY? Traditionally 5 stories then Skyscrapers Elisha Otis Steel frames Mass transit Public transportation- commuter trains, subways, and trolley cars Suburbs- result of mass transit

II. Upper-Class Life Nouveau riche- new rich Quickly earned fortunes Conspicuous consumption- public displays of wealth Large homes, large parties Mr. and Mrs. Bradley Martin- $370,000 ball-1897 Donated- art galleries, libraries, and museums, universities Imitating British Victorian Culture Social etiquette

III. Middle-Class Life Professionalization Middle-class women Educated workers with specialized fields a. doctors, lawyers, teachers, or technicians Professional schools and organizations set standards, issue licenses, and review practices Middle-class women salesclerks, secretaries, and stenographers Most worked in the home- smaller families, purchased goods, new technologies-running water

IV. How the poor lived Long hours, low wages Tenements slums

V. The Drive for Reform Settlement houses- community service centers Jane Addams- started 1889- Hull House Provide educational and cultural activities for the poor The Social Gospel movement Apply Christian principles to address social problems Classes, counseling, job training, libraries, and other social services

Assignment Complete section review on page 504 questions 1-4

Daily Life in the Cities Section Three Daily Life in the Cities

I. Education Reformers and what other groups push for public education? WHY? Compulsory education laws- must go Growth of public education Proper behavior, civic loyalty, and cultural values

II. Publishing Increase of literacy- 90% could read Popular journalism Newspapers, printers Circulation wars- sensational reporting- yellow journalism Literature Dime and nickel novels About city life

III. Leisure Time in Urban Parks A. City planning- relief and relaxation Frederick Law Olmsted- Central Park B. City Beautiful movement C. Bicycling and croquet

IV. Leisure and Sports Organized sports Baseball- neighborhood teams Aaron Champion- Cincinnati Red Stocking- first pro William Hulbert- National League in 1876 Football- late 1800’s Walter Camp- adapted rugby Popular at colleges Early game was very dangerous- 18 college deaths, 46 high school in one season Basketball 1. James Naismith- 1891

V. Entertainment Theater Ragtime Shakespeare’s tragic Vaudevilles- wide variety of short performances Ragtime African American musicians develop a new style Scott Joplin Dances- Cakewalk, Grizzly Bear, and Turkey Trot

assignment Complete section review on page 511. questions 1-4