Kingdom Plantae Biology

Multi-cellular Multi-cellular Autotrophic Autotrophic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Cell walls made of cellulose Cell walls made of cellulose Store food in the form of starch Store food in the form of starch

Have chloroplasts containing chlorophyll Have chloroplasts containing chlorophyll Most are terrestrial although there are exceptions Most are terrestrial although there are exceptions

Kingdom Plantae Nonvascular Plants Vascular Plants Nonvascular Plants Vascular Plants SeedlessSeeded GymnospermAngiosperm MonocotDicot Have no true stem, leaves, or roots

Nonvascular No vessels No vessels No roots No roots No stems No stems No leaves No leaves Ex: Mosses and liverworts Ex: Mosses and liverworts

Vascular Have vessels to transport food and water Have vessels to transport food and water They have roots, stems or leaves They have roots, stems or leaves Ex: grass, corn, trees, flowers, bushes Ex: grass, corn, trees, flowers, bushes

Xylem: transports water Xylem: transports water Phloem: transports food & nutrients Phloem: transports food & nutrients

Seedless plants (e.g., ferns) have a vascular system but reproduce using spores. Seedless plants (e.g., ferns) have a vascular system but reproduce using spores.

Seed Plants-reproduce using seeds Gymnosperms have seeds that are not enclosed. Gymnosperms have seeds that are not enclosed. "naked seeds" "naked seeds" cone bearing plants (seeds grow on cones) cone bearing plants (seeds grow on cones) needle like leaves needle like leaves usually stay green year round usually stay green year round wind pollinated wind pollinated Examples: pine trees & evergreens Examples: pine trees & evergreens

Angiosperms are the most successful group of plants Angiosperms are the most successful group of plants They have co-evolved with insects to improve pollination. They have co-evolved with insects to improve pollination. flowering plants flowering plants seeds are enclosed, usually in a fruit seeds are enclosed, usually in a fruit most are pollinated by birds & bees most are pollinated by birds & bees have finite growing seasons have finite growing seasons Examples: grasses, tulips, oaks, dandelions Examples: grasses, tulips, oaks, dandelions Divided into two main groups: Monocots & Dicots Divided into two main groups: Monocots & Dicots

Monocots Angiosperms have 1 seed leaf (cotyledon) Angiosperms have 1 seed leaf (cotyledon) parallel veins on leaves parallel veins on leaves 3 part symmetry for flowers 3 part symmetry for flowers fibrous roots fibrous roots Example: lilies, onions, corn, grasses, wheat Example: lilies, onions, corn, grasses, wheat Vascular tissue scattered Vascular tissue scattered

Dicots Angiosperms that have 2 seed leaves (cotyledons) Angiosperms that have 2 seed leaves (cotyledons) net veins on leaves net veins on leaves flowers have 4-5 parts flowers have 4-5 parts taproots taproots Examples: trees and ornamental flowers Examples: trees and ornamental flowers Vascular tissue arranged in a ring Vascular tissue arranged in a ring

Success of Angiosperms Transport gametes over great distances. Transport gametes over great distances. Efficient dispersal via fruit. Efficient dispersal via fruit. Tough, water resistant leaves for survival in hostile environments. Tough, water resistant leaves for survival in hostile environments.

Pollination Birds are attracted to red flowers. Birds are attracted to red flowers. Bees can see colors that humans cannot. Bees can see colors that humans cannot. Moth-pollinated flowers are white and bloom at night. Moth-pollinated flowers are white and bloom at night.

Many insects are attracted to odors. One species smells like rotting meat and is pollinated by flies. Many insects are attracted to odors. One species smells like rotting meat and is pollinated by flies. Flowers are often shaped so that non-pollinators cannot reach nectar or pollen. For example, hummingbird-pollinated flowers are long, and shaped like the bill of a hummingbird. Flowers are often shaped so that non-pollinators cannot reach nectar or pollen. For example, hummingbird-pollinated flowers are long, and shaped like the bill of a hummingbird. Wind-pollinated flowers are small, have no petals and little color and do not produce nectar. Wind-pollinated flowers are small, have no petals and little color and do not produce nectar.

Problems living in a terrestrial ecosystem Support - in water, the plant is held up. On land, a support system is required. Support - in water, the plant is held up. On land, a support system is required.

Getting Water and Nutrients Aquatic plants are surrounded by water and nutrients so most cells can just absorb them the environment. Terrestrial plants require a system for collecting and transporting water. Aquatic plants are surrounded by water and nutrients so most cells can just absorb them the environment. Terrestrial plants require a system for collecting and transporting water. Plants developed root systems that can collect and transport water. Some plants have shallow roots which spread out to collect water. Plants developed root systems that can collect and transport water. Some plants have shallow roots which spread out to collect water. Water carrying minerals from the roots can travel to all parts of the plant and food made in the leaves can travel to non-photosynthetic parts of the plant. Water carrying minerals from the roots can travel to all parts of the plant and food made in the leaves can travel to non-photosynthetic parts of the plant.

Drying Out Leaves are covered by a waterproof outer layer called the cuticle. Leaves are covered by a waterproof outer layer called the cuticle. Openings in the leaves called stomata allow passage of gases for photosynthesis but can be closed when it is too warm. Openings in the leaves called stomata allow passage of gases for photosynthesis but can be closed when it is too warm. Gymnosperms have very narrow leaves to minimize water loss. Gymnosperms have very narrow leaves to minimize water loss.

Spreading Gametes Spores – tiny reproductive cells are carried long distance by the wind Spores – tiny reproductive cells are carried long distance by the wind Seeds: Seeds: –The embryo inside the seed is surrounded by a tough, drought-resistant, protective seed coat. Food packaged in the seed provides energy for the young plant until it can grow above the soil and begin photosynthesizing. –Adaptations of seeds help in their dispersal. Some seeds are carried by wind, stick to the fur of animals or are eaten.