Slides 1 to 73 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Introduction All living organisms share the following characteristics: Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Movement Metabolism This is a sample first topic page. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy & Physiology Sciences Anatomists study: Internal and external structure Physical relationships among body parts Physiologists study: How organisms perform vital functions Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy & Physiology Sciences Gross anatomy “Naked eye” anatomy Surface anatomy Regional anatomy Sectional anatomy Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy & Physiology Sciences Microscopic anatomy Cytology: study of individual cells Histology: study of tissues Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy & Physiology Sciences Human physiology: Study of human body function Cell physiology Special physiology System physiology Pathological physiology Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Levels of Organization Life is built on successive levels of increasing complexity: Chemical (or Molecular) Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organism Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ Organism System Level Level (Chapters 5–20) Organ Level Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Nervous Respiratory Muscular Digestive Skeletal Urinary Integumentary Reproductive Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Heart muscle cell Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Figure 1-1 1 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Atoms in combination Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Complex protein molecule Figure 1-1 2 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Atoms in combination Heart muscle cell Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Figure 1-1 3 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Heart muscle cell Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Figure 1-1 4 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Level (Chapters 5–20) Organ Level Tissue Level Cardiovascular Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Heart muscle cell Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Figure 1-1 5 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ System Level (Chapters 5–20) Organ Level Tissue Level Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Nervous Respiratory Muscular Digestive Skeletal Urinary Integumentary Reproductive Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Heart muscle cell Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Figure 1-1 6 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Organ Organism System Level Level (Chapters 5–20) Organ Level Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Nervous Respiratory Muscular Digestive Skeletal Urinary Integumentary Reproductive Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Heart muscle cell Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Figure 1-1 7 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Overview of Organ Systems The human body is arranged in 11 organ systems: Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive PLAY Organ Systems Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Integumentary System Figure 1-2(a)

The Skeletal System Figure 1-2(b)

The Muscular System Figure 1-2(c)

The Nervous System Figure 1-2(d)

The Endocrine System Figure 1-2(e)

The Cardiovascular System Figure 1-2(f)

The Lymphatic System Figure 1-2(g)

The Respiratory System Figure 1-2(h)

The Digestive System Figure 1-2(i)

The Urinary System Figure 1-2(j)

Male Reproductive System Figure 1-2(k)

Female Reproductive System Figure 1-2(l)

Introduction to Organ Systems Key Note The body can be divided into 11 organ systems, but all work together and the boundaries between them aren’t absolute. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostatic Regulation Homeostasis Maintains stable internal conditions Temperature Ionic concentrations Blood sugar levels, etc. Utilizes negative feedback mechanisms Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostatic Regulation Regulation depends on: Receptor sensitive to a particular stimulus Effector that affects the same stimulus Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Information Normal affects condition disturbed STIMULUS: RECEPTOR Information affects Normal condition disturbed Thermometer STIMULUS: Room temperature rises CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature RESPONSE: Room temperature drops 20o 30o 40o Normal condition restored EFFECTOR Sends commands to Air conditioner turns on Figure 1-3 1 of 6 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature Figure 1-3 2 of 6 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Normal condition disturbed STIMULUS: Room temperature rises RECEPTOR Normal condition disturbed Thermometer STIMULUS: Room temperature rises HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature Figure 1-3 3 of 6 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Information Normal affects condition disturbed STIMULUS: RECEPTOR Information affects Normal condition disturbed Thermometer STIMULUS: Room temperature rises CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature 20o 30o 40o Figure 1-3 4 of 6 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Information Normal affects condition disturbed STIMULUS: RECEPTOR Information affects Normal condition disturbed Thermometer STIMULUS: Room temperature rises CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature 20o 30o 40o EFFECTOR Sends commands to Air conditioner turns on Figure 1-3 5 of 6 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Information Normal affects condition disturbed STIMULUS: RECEPTOR Information affects Normal condition disturbed Thermometer STIMULUS: Room temperature rises CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature RESPONSE: Room temperature drops 20o 30o 40o Normal condition restored EFFECTOR Sends commands to Air conditioner turns on Figure 1-3 6 of 6 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostatic Regulation Negative Feedback: Variation outside normal limits triggers automatic corrective response Response negates disturbance Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 1-4 1 of 10 Information affects Information affects RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors Body’s temperature sensors CONTROL CENTER STIMULUS STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2oC (99oF) Body temperature falls below 37.2oC (99oF) Control mechanism when body temperature rises Control mechanism when body temperature falls RESPONSE RESPONSE Decreased blood flow to skin Decreased sweating Shivering Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Increased blood flow to skin Increased sweating Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Thermoregulatory center in brain EFFECTOR EFFECTOR Negative feedback Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Sends commands to Sends commands to Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Skeletal muscles Negative feedback Figure 1-4 1 of 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

STIMULUS Thermoregulatory center in brain CONTROL CENTER STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2oC (99oF) Control mechanism when body temperature rises Thermoregulatory center in brain Figure 1-4 2 of 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Information affects STIMULUS Thermoregulatory center in brain RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors CONTROL CENTER STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2oC (99oF) Control mechanism when body temperature rises Thermoregulatory center in brain Figure 1-4 3 of 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Information affects STIMULUS Thermoregulatory center in brain Sends RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors CONTROL CENTER STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2oC (99oF) Control mechanism when body temperature rises EFFECTOR Thermoregulatory center in brain Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Sends commands to Figure 1-4 4 of 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Information affects STIMULUS RESPONSE Thermoregulatory center in brain RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors CONTROL CENTER STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2oC (99oF) Control mechanism when body temperature rises RESPONSE Increased blood flow to skin Increased sweating Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored EFFECTOR Thermoregulatory center in brain Negative feedback Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Sends commands to Figure 1-4 5 of 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

STIMULUS Thermoregulatory center in brain CONTROL CENTER STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 37.2oC (99oF) Control mechanism when body temperature falls Thermoregulatory center in brain Figure 1-4 6 of 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Information affects STIMULUS Thermoregulatory center in brain RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors CONTROL CENTER STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 37.2oC (99oF) Control mechanism when body temperature falls Thermoregulatory center in brain Figure 1-4 7 of 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Information affects STIMULUS Thermoregulatory center in brain Sends RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors CONTROL CENTER STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 37.2oC (99oF) Control mechanism when body temperature falls Thermoregulatory center in brain EFFECTOR Sends commands to Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Skeletal muscles Figure 1-4 8 of 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Information affects STIMULUS RESPONSE Thermoregulatory center in brain RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors CONTROL CENTER STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 37.2oC (99oF) Control mechanism when body temperature falls RESPONSE Decreased blood flow to skin Decreased sweating Shivering Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Thermoregulatory center in brain EFFECTOR Sends commands to Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Skeletal muscles Negative feedback Figure 1-4 9 of 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 1-4 10 of 10 Information affects Information affects RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors Body’s temperature sensors CONTROL CENTER STIMULUS STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2oC (99oF) Body temperature falls below 37.2oC (99oF) Control mechanism when body temperature rises Control mechanism when body temperature falls RESPONSE RESPONSE Decreased blood flow to skin Decreased sweating Shivering Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Increased blood flow to skin Increased sweating Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Thermoregulatory center in brain EFFECTOR EFFECTOR Negative feedback Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Sends commands to Sends commands to Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Skeletal muscles Negative feedback Figure 1-4 10 of 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostatic Regulation Positive Feedback: Stimulus produces response that reinforces the stimulus Response rapidly completes critical process Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostatic Regulation Figure 1-5

Homeostatic Regulation Homeostasis and Disease Failure of homeostatic regulation Symptoms appear Organ system malfunction Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostatic Regulation Key Note Physiological systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment. They monitor and adjust internal conditions. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Surface Anatomy Anatomical Position Hands at side Palms forward Feet together Supine: Face up Prone: Face down Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-6(a)

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-6(b)

The Language of Anatomy Anatomical Regions Two methods to map abdominal and pelvic regions Four abdominopelvic quadrants Nine abdominopelvic regions Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-7(a)

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-7(b)

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-7(c)

The Language of Anatomy A few anatomical directions: Anterior (= ventral) Posterior (= dorsal) Superior Inferior Lateral Medial Proximal Distal Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-8

The Language of Anatomy Sectional Anatomy: Planes and Sections Transverse plane Transverse section Frontal plane Frontal section Sagittal plane Sagittal section Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-9

The Language of Anatomy Ventral body cavity Protects delicate organs Permits organ growth and movement Surrounds: Respiratory Cardiovascular Digestive Urinary Reproductive organs Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Diaphragm subdivides ventral cavity: Thoracic cavity Pleural cavities (R and L) Pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Peritoneal membrane Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Key Note Anatomical descriptions refer to an individual in the anatomical position: standing, with the hands at the sides, palms facing forward, and feet together. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-10(a)

The Language of Anatomy Radiological Procedures X-rays CT Scans MRIs Ultrasound Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

X-Rays Missing figure 1-11 Figure 1-11(a)

X-Rays Missing figure 1-11 Figure 1-11(b)

Common Scanning Techniques Figure 1-12(a)

Common Scanning Techniques Figure 1-12(b)

Common Scanning Techniques Figure 1-12(c)

Common Scanning Techniques Figure 1-12(d)