1. Homeostatic Regulation Homeostasis Maintains stable internal conditions Temperature Ionic concentrations Blood sugar levels, etc. Utilizes negative feedback mechanisms Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2. Homeostatic Regulation Regulation depends on: Receptor - sensitive to a particular stimulus Control Center - receives and processes information from the receptor Effector - that responds to the commands of the control center which have been affected by the same stimulus Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

3. HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature Figure 1-3 2 of 6

4. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RECEPTOR Thermometer STIMULUS: Room temperature rises Normal condition disturbed HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature Figure 1-3 3 of 6

5. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RECEPTOR Thermometer STIMULUS: Room temperature rises Normal condition disturbed HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature Information affects CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) 20 o 30 o 40 o Figure 1-3 4 of 6

6. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RECEPTOR Thermometer STIMULUS: Room temperature rises Normal condition disturbed HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature EFFECTOR Air conditioner turns on Sends commands to Information affects CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) 20 o 30 o 40 o Figure 1-3 5 of 6

7. RECEPTOR Thermometer STIMULUS: Room temperature rises Normal condition disturbed HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature RESPONSE: Room temperature drops Normal condition restored EFFECTOR Air conditioner turns on Sends commands to Information affects CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) 20 o 30 o 40 o Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1-3 6 of 6

8. Homeostatic Regulation Negative Feedback: Variation outside normal limits triggers automatic corrective response Response negates disturbance Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

9. Homeostatic Regulation Negative Feedback Example - thermoregulation Altering the relationship between heat loss and heat production Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

10. STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2 o C (99 o F) Control mechanism when body temperature rises CONTROL CENTER Thermoregulatory center in brain Figure 1-4 2 of 10

12. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2 o C (99 o F) Control mechanism when body temperature rises CONTROL CENTER Thermoregulatory center in brain Information affects Figure 1-4 3 of 10

13. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2 o C (99 o F) Control mechanism when body temperature rises EFFECTOR Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Sends commands to CONTROL CENTER Thermoregulatory center in brain Information affects Figure 1-4 4 of 10

14. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2 o C (99 o F) RESPONSE Increased blood flow to skin Increased sweating Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Control mechanism when body temperature rises EFFECTOR Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Negative feedback Sends commands to CONTROL CENTER Thermoregulatory center in brain Information affects Figure 1-4 5 of 10

15. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 37.2 o C (99 o F) Control mechanism when body temperature falls CONTROL CENTER Thermoregulatory center in brain Figure 1-4 6 of 10

16. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 37.2 o C (99 o F) Control mechanism when body temperature falls CONTROL CENTER Thermoregulatory center in brain Information affects Figure 1-4 7 of 10

17. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 37.2 o C (99 o F) Control mechanism when body temperature falls EFFECTOR Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Skeletal muscles Sends commands to CONTROL CENTER Thermoregulatory center in brain Information affects Figure 1-4 8 of 10

18. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 37.2 o C (99 o F) RESPONSE Decreased blood flow to skin Decreased sweating Shivering Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Control mechanism when body temperature falls EFFECTOR Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Skeletal muscles Negative feedback Sends commands to CONTROL CENTER Thermoregulatory center in brain Information affects Figure 1-4 9 of 10

19. Figure 1-4 10 of 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2 o C (99 o F) RESPONSE Increased blood flow to skin Increased sweating Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Control mechanism when body temperature rises EFFECTOR Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Negative feedback Sends commands to Information affects Information affects CONTROL CENTER Thermoregulatory center in brain Sends commands to EFFECTOR Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Skeletal muscles Negative feedback Control mechanism when body temperature falls RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 37.2 o C (99 o F) RESPONSE Decreased blood flow to skin Decreased sweating Shivering Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored

20. Homeostatic Regulation Positive Feedback: Stimulus produces response that reinforces the stimulus Response rapidly completes critical process Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

21. Homeostatic Regulation Figure 1-5

22. Homeostatic Regulation Remember: Negative feedback: negates the disturbance – opposes the limit from normal limits Positive feedback: reinforces the stimulus Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

23. Homeostatic Regulation Homeostasis and Disease Failure of homeostatic regulation causes Symptoms to appear Organ system to malfunction Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

24. Homeostatic Regulation Key Note Physiological systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment. They monitor and adjust internal conditions. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

25. The Language of Anatomy Surface Anatomy Anatomical Position Hands at side Palms forward Feet together Supine: Face up Prone: Face down Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

26. The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-6(a)

27. The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-6(b)

28. The Language of Anatomy Anatomical Regions Two methods to map abdominal and pelvic regions Four abdominopelvic quadrants Nine abdominopelvic regions Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

29. The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-7(a)

30. The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-7(b)

31. The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-7(c)

32. The Language of Anatomy A few anatomical directions: Anterior (= ventral) Posterior (= dorsal) Superior Inferior Lateral Medial Proximal Distal Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

33. The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-8

34. The Language of Anatomy Sectional Anatomy: Planes and Sections Transverse plane Transverse section Frontal plane Frontal section Sagittal plane Sagittal section Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

35. The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-9

36. The Language of Anatomy Ventral body cavity Protects delicate organs Permits organ growth and movement Surrounds: Respiratory Cardiovascular Digestive Urinary Reproductive organs Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

37. The Language of Anatomy Diaphragm subdivides ventral cavity: Thoracic cavity Pleural cavities (R and L) Pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Peritoneal membrane Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

38. The Language of Anatomy Key Note Anatomical descriptions refer to an individual in the anatomical position: standing, with the hands at the sides, palms facing forward, and feet together. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

39. The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-10(a)

40. The Language of Anatomy Radiological Procedures X-rays CT Scans MRIs Ultrasound Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

41. X-Rays Figure 1-11(a)

42. X-Rays Figure 1-11(b)

43. Common Scanning Techniques Figure 1-12(a)

44. Common Scanning Techniques Figure 1-12(b)

45. Common Scanning Techniques Figure 1-12(c)

46. Common Scanning Techniques Figure 1-12(d)