1. Introduction - Chapter 1
All specific functions within the body are performed by specific structures.
Structure, therefore, determines function.
Biology is the study of all living things.
Anatomy is the study of internal and external structure.
Physiology is the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.
Metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions going on within the body.
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2. Microscopic anatomy is limited by the equipment used.
Microscopic anatomy deals with structures that cannot be seen without magnification.
Microscopic anatomy is limited by the equipment used.
Light microscope reveals basic details about cell structure.
Electron microscope shows greater detail.
Cytology is the study of cells.
Histology is the study of tissues.
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3. Gross Anatomy
Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy) is the study of structures visible to the unaided eye.
Surface anatomy refers to the general form and superficial anatomical markings.
Regional anatomy considers all structures in a specific area of the body, both superficial or deep, such as the head, neck, or trunk area.
Systemic anatomy is the study of major organs systems individually such as the cardiovascular or respiratory systems.
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4. Physiology
Human physiology is the study of the functions of the human body.
Cell physiology is the study of the functions of living cells.
Special physiology is the study of the physiology of specific organs.
System physiology considers all aspects of the function of specific organ systems.
Pathological physiology (pathology) studies the effects of diseases on organ or system functions.
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5. Levels of Organization
Cells are the smallest living units of the levels of organization.
Tissues are many cells and some surrounding material.
Organs are combinations of tissues.
Organs combine to form organ systems.
The human body is composed of 11 organ systems.
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6. Levels of Organization
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Levels of Organization

7. An Introduction to Organ Systems
Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions in the body.
Anabolism: bonding chemicals together
Catabolism: breaking of bonds
Absorption is the process of bringing chemicals into the body.
Respiration is the absorption, transport, and use of oxygen by cells.
Excretion is the removal of wastes.
Digestion is the processes of catabolism that makes nutrients small enough to be absorbed.
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8. The Integumentary System
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9. The Skeletal System
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10. The Muscular System
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11. The Nervous System
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12. The Endocrine System
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13. The Cardiovascular System
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14. The Lymphatic System
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15. The Respiratory System
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16. The Digestive System
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17. The Urinary System
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18. The Male Reproductive System
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19. The Female Reproductive System
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20. Homeostasis and Feedback
Homeostasis (balance) refers to the existence of a stable environment.
Feedback:
Negative feedback: a variation outside normal limits triggering an automatic response that corrects the situation. For example, body temp rising causes sweating to lower temp.
Positive feedback: the initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces the stimulus. For example, a thermostat that turns the heater on when room gets warmer.
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21. Negative Feedback
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22. Positive Feedback
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23. The Language of Anatomy
Superficial anatomy: anatomical landmarks and correct directional terms help in understanding the underlying structures.
Anatomical landmarks:
Anatomical position: standing upright, arms at sides, palms facing forward (little fingers by the thigh), feet flat on the floor, face straight ahead
Supine: lying down with the face up
Prone: lying down with the face down
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24. Anatomical Regions Anatomical Landmarks
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Anatomical Landmarks

25. Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Abdominopelvic Regions

26. Abdominopelvic Organs
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Abdominopelvic Organs

27. Anatomical Directions
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Directional References

28. Sectional Anatomy
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Planes of Section

29. Body Cavities
Organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems are located within the ventral body cavity.
The diaphragm separates the ventral body cavity into the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity.
The ventral body cavity is protected and lubricated by two-part serous membranes called: visceral/parietal pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum.
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30. Body Cavities
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Body Cavities

31. The Ventral Body Cavity
Body Cavities
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The Ventral Body Cavity

32. Serial reconstruction was used to make this CT scan.
Sectional Anatomy
Serial reconstruction was used to make this CT scan.
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Scanning Techniques