2. Warm-UP
What is the difference between Anatomy and Physiology?

3. Anatomy & Physiology Sciences
Branch of science that deals with structure of body parts
Physiology:
Branch of science that deals with functions of body parts

4. Anatomy & Physiology Sciences
Gross anatomy
“Naked eye” anatomy
Surface anatomy
Regional anatomy
Sectional anatomy
Microscopic anatomy
Cytology: study of individual cells
Histology: study of tissues

5. Levels of Organization
Life is built on successive
levels of increasing complexity:
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism

6. Levels of Organization
Molecular
a. Atoms- particles -( ex. proton, neutron, electrons)
b. Molecules- bonded elements(Two or more atoms joined together by either covalent or ionic bonds)
c. Macromolecules- large bonded molecules in human body
1. proteins
2.carbohydrates
3. nucleic acids
(DNA and RNA)
4. lipids

7. Levels of Organization
Organelle
specific structures which carry on cell activities
Cell
basic unit of life

8. Levels of Organization
Tissue
group of cells that work together to perform a particular function
(ex. Blood, muscle)
Organ
Group of two or more tissues working together to provide for specific functions, usually a particular shape
(ex. Lungs, heart, skin)

9. Levels of Organization
Organ System
consist of one or more organs
that provide a common function
Organism

10. Organ Organism System Level Level (Chapters 5–20) Organ Level
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Nervous
Respiratory
Muscular
Digestive
Skeletal
Urinary
Integumentary
Reproductive
Organ
Level
The
heart
Cardiac
muscle
tissue
Atoms in
combination
Tissue Level
(Chapter 4)
Heart
muscle
cell
Complex protein
molecule
Protein filaments
Chemical or
Molecular Level
(Chapter 2)
Cellular Level
(Chapter 3)

11. Can you name all 11 organ systems?????? Try it.
Checkpoint
Can you name all 11 organ systems??????
Try it.

12. Overview of Organ Systems
The human body is arranged in 11 organ systems:
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive

13. Introduction to Organ Systems
Key Note
The body can be divided into 11 organ systems, but all work together and the boundaries between them aren’t absolute.

14. Organ Systems
Unit I

15. Your Template
Name of Organ System
Organs
Function
Abbreviated: fxn

16. Skeletal System
FXN:
Major Organs:
Bones (206)
Ligaments
Tendons

17. Muscular System
FXN:
Major Organs:
Muscles
Tendons

18. Cardiovascular System
AKA: Circulatory
FXN:
Major Organs:
Heart
Arteries
Veins
capillaries

19. Immune System Lymph nodes Lymphatic vessels Spleen Collecting ducts
AKA: Lymphatic
FXN:
Major Organs:
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels
Spleen
Collecting ducts

20. Nervous System
FXN:
Major Organs:
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves

21. Endocrine System FXN: Major Organs: Adrenal gland Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thymus gland
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
Prostate gland

22. Integumentary System Skin Hair Nails Sebaceous glands Sweat glands
FXN:
Major Organs:
Skin
Hair
Nails
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands

23. Organ Systems-continued
Anatomy

24. Respiratory System FXN: Major Organs: Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Alveoli
lungs

25. Digestive System FXN: Major Organs: Oral cavity Salivary glands
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus

26. Excretory System Kidney Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra AKA: Urinary
FXN:
Major Organs
Kidney
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

27. Male Reproductive System
FXN:
Major Organs:
Penis
Urethra
Prostate gland
Vas deferens
Epididymis
Seminal vesicle

28. Female Reproductive System
FXN:
Major Organs:
Vagina
cervix
Uterus
Ovaries
Uterine tubes/Fallopian tubes

29. Warm-UP What is homeostasis?
List ways the human body maintains homeostasis.
How do you think this happens?

30. Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostasis
Maintains stable internal conditions
Ex. Temperature, heart rate, breathing, Ionic concentrations, Blood sugar levels, etc.
Response to change
Utilizes feedback mechanisms
Largely controlled by Nervous and Endocrine Systems

31. Homeostatic Regulation
Regulation depends on:
Receptor sensitive to a particular stimulus
Control Center processes information
Effector that affects(responds to) the same stimulus

32. Information Normal affects condition disturbed STIMULUS:
RECEPTOR
Information
affects
Normal
condition
disturbed
Thermometer
STIMULUS:
Room temperature
rises
CONTROL CENTER
(Thermostat)
HOMEOSTASIS
Normal
room
temperature
RESPONSE:
Room temperature
drops
20o
30o
40o
Normal
condition
restored
EFFECTOR
Sends
commands to
Air conditioner
turns on
Figure 1-3
1 of 6
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

33. Homeostatic Regulation
Negative Feedback:
Variation outside normal limits triggers automatic corrective/reverse response
Response negates/opposes disturbance
Returns to original set point
Ex. Most controls, Temperature regulation, blood sugar

34. Negative Feedback Graph

35. Figure 1-4 1 of 10 Information affects Information affects RECEPTOR
Body’s
temperature
sensors
Body’s
temperature
sensors
CONTROL
CENTER
STIMULUS
STIMULUS
Body temperature
rises above 37.2oC
(99oF)
Body temperature
falls below 37.2oC
(99oF)
Control
mechanism
when body
temperature
rises
Control
mechanism
when body
temperature
falls
RESPONSE
RESPONSE
Decreased blood flow
to skin
Decreased sweating
Shivering
Stimulus removed
Homeostasis restored
Increased blood flow
to skin
Increased sweating
Stimulus removed
Homeostasis restored
Thermoregulatory
center in brain
EFFECTOR
EFFECTOR
Negative
feedback
Blood vessels
and sweat
glands in skin
Sends
commands to
Sends
commands to
Blood vessels
and sweat glands
in skin
Skeletal muscles
Negative
feedback
Figure 1-4
1 of 10
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

36. Homeostatic Regulation
Positive Feedback:
Stimulus produces response that reinforces the stimulus
Response rapidly completes critical process and takes body away from homeostasis
Ex. Fruit ripening, labor contractions, blood clotting

37. Homeostatic Regulation
Figure 1-5

38. Homeostatic Regulation

39. What type of Feedback?

40. Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostasis and Disease
Failure of homeostatic regulation results in disorder, disease, or death
First symptoms appear
Then organ systems malfunction
Signs might be measured/noticed by an observer

41. Anatomical Terminology
set of terms to describe positions of body parts and anatomy
Anatomical position
relative positions
body sections
body cavities

42. Standard anatomical position
Body erect
facing forward
Upper limbs at side
Palms forward
Supine: Face up/forward
Prone: Face down/back

43. Relative Positions
Terms that compare two body parts and the location with respect to each other
Anterior ( ventral) – front
Posterior ( dorsal) – back
Superior - above
Inferior – below
Lateral – away from midline (side to side)
Medial – towards midline

44. Relative Positions Proximal – close to point of attachment
Distal – further from point of attachment
Superficial- near the surface
Deep-away from the surface

45. Body Sections: Planes and Sections
Transverse plane
Separates top/bottom
Frontal(aka coronal) plane
Separates front/back
Sagittal plane
Separates left/right

46. The Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-9

47. Summary of Relative Positions:

48. The Language of Anatomy
Anatomical Regions
Two methods to map abdominal and pelvic regions
Four abdominopelvic quadrants
Nine abdominopelvic regions

49. Organs: urethra, uterus, prostate gland, rectum, anus
Human Body
Dorsal body cavity
Cranial body cavity
Organ: brain
Vertebral body cavity
Organ: Spinal cord
Ventral body cavity
Thoracic body cavity
Organs: esophagus, trachea
Pleural body cavity
Organs: lungs
Pericardial body cavity
Organ: heart
Abdominopelvic body cavity
Abdominal body cavity
Organ: kidneys
Peritoneal body cavity
Organs: liver, stomach, s. intestine, l. intestine, pancreas, gallbladder, spleen
Pelvic body cavity
Organs: urethra, uterus, prostate gland, rectum, anus

50. Body Cavities Ventral body cavity Protects delicate organs
Permits organ growth and movement
Surrounds:
Respiratory
Cardiovascular
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive organs

51. The Language of Anatomy
Diaphragm subdivides ventral cavity:
Thoracic cavity
Pleural cavities (R and L - Lungs)
Pericardial cavity (Heart)
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Peritoneal membrane

52. The Language of Anatomy

53. Microscopes!!!