1. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

2. Essential Concepts of A & P Slide 1.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Complementarity of Structure & Function Hierarchy of structural organization Homeostasis

3. The Human Body – An Orientation Slide 1.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function

4. Anatomy – Levels of Study Slide 1.2a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gross Anatomy Large structures Easily observable Figure 1.1

5. Anatomy – Levels of Study Slide 1.2b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4

6. Physiology Neuro = nerve Physiology = function See other examples in text

7. Physiology Often focuses on the cellular & biochemical levels because: What a body can do depends on the operation of its individual cells and; What cells can do ultimately depends on the chemical reactions that go on within them.

8. Complementarity of Structure & Function Structure determines Function Function follows Form

9. Examples Let’s think of some body examples Write down one of these examples in your notes

10. Levels of Structural Organization Slide 1.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.1

11. Organ System Overview Slide 1.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Integumentary Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Figure 1.2a

12. Organ System Overview Slide 1.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals Figure 1.2b

13. Organ System Overview Slide 1.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat Figure 1.2c

14. Organ System Overview Slide 1.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Figure 1.2d

15. Organ System Overview Slide 1.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Figure 1.2e

16. Organ System Overview Slide 1.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes Figure 1.2f

17. Organ System Overview Slide 1.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i

18. Organ System Overview Slide 1.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid – base balance Regulation of materials Water Electrolytes Figure 1.2j

19. Organ System Overview Slide 1.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reproductive Production of offspring Figure 1.2k

20. Maintaining Life Slide 1.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintaining Boundaries Internal environment remains separate from external Cellular level - Cell membrane Organismal level - Integumentary system Movement Locomotion &Movement of substances Muscular system aided by skeletal

21. Maintaining Life Slide 1.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Responsiveness (Irritability) Ability to sense changes and react to stimuli Nervous system Individual cells Digestion Break-down of macromolecules - Requires oxygen Digestive system

22. Necessary Life Functions Slide 1.16a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body (requires oxygen) Anabolic (anabolism) – building Catabolic (catabolism) – breaking down Regulated by endocrine system, depends on several systems Excretion Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions from digestion & metabolism Excretory and respiratory systems

23. Necessary Life Functions Slide 1.16b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reproduction Regulated mainly by endocrine system Cellular level – growth & repair Organismal level – survival of species Growth Increasing of cell size (hypertrophy) and number (hyperplasia) Cell constructing activities must happen at a faster rate than cell destroying ones

24. Survival Needs Slide 1.17a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for oxidative chemical reactions such as making ATP

25. Survival Needs Slide 1.17b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Water 60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

26. Homeostasis Slide 1.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium ( Affected by : age, health, nutrition, pathological situation) Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

27. Two Main Communication Systems Nervous system Rapid response Short duration Uses electrical signals delivered by nerves Endocrine system Slower response Longer duration Uses bloodborne hormones

28. Control Mechanisms

29. 3 Main Components of Control Mechanisms Slide 1.19b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Receptor/Sensor Monitors environment Responds to changes in the environment by receiving stimuli Sends information to control center Afferent pathway = incoming info to control center = affective information

30. Components of Control Mechanism Slide 1.19a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Control center Determines normal set point of variable Analyzes all known information Determines appropriate response

31. Components of Control Mechanism Slide 1.19b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus through positive or negative feedback Efferent pathway = outgoing from control center = effective information Results then feedback to influence the body depending on type of feedback mechanism involved

32. Feedback Mechanisms Slide 1.20a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity Works like a household thermostat

34. Feedback Mechanisms Slide 1.20b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Positive feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby

36. The Language of Anatomy Exact terms are used for: Position Body Cavities Regions Abdominal regions Abdominopelvic quadrants Structures Directional terms Body Planes and sections

37. The Language of Anatomy Slide 1.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Anatomical Position – body erect, arms hanging at side of body, palms forward and feet together This is the reference point by which all locational/directional terms are described.

38. Anatomical Position Supine – face up Prone – face down

39. Body Cavities Slide 1.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.7 Ventral cavity Thoracic cavity Pleural cavity Mediastinum Abdominopelvic Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Dorsal cavity Cranial cavity Spinal cavity

40. The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-10(a)

41. The Language of Anatomy Ventral body cavity Protects delicate organs Permits organ growth and movement Surrounds: Respiratory Cardiovascular Digestive Urinary Reproductive organs Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

42. The Language of Anatomy Diaphragm subdivides ventral cavity: Thoracic cavity Pleural cavities (R and L) Pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Peritoneal membrane Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

43. The Language of Anatomy Anatomical Regions Two methods to map abdominal and pelvic regions Four abdominopelvic quadrants Nine abdominopelvic regions Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

44. The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-7(a)

45. The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-7(b)

46. The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-7(c)

47. The Language of Anatomy A few anatomical directions: Anterior (= ventral) Posterior (= dorsal) Superior Inferior Lateral Medial Proximal Distal Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

48. Orientation and Directional Terms Slide 1.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 1.1

49. Orientation and Directional Terms Slide 1.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 1.1 (cont)

50. Descriptive Terms for Body Regions – Table 1-3 on p.14

51. Body Landmarks Slide 1.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anterior Figure 1.5a

52. The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-6(a)

53. Body Landmarks Slide 1.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Posterior Figure 1.5b

54. The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-6(b)

55. The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-8

56. Body Planes/Sections Sagittal Midsagittal (median) Parasagittal Frontal/Coronal Transverse/Horizontal Oblique

57. Body Planes Slide 1.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.6

58. The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-9

59. The Language of Anatomy Radiological Procedures X-rays CT Scans MRIs Ultrasound Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

60. X-Rays Figure 1-11(a)

61. X-Rays Figure 1-11(b)

62. Common Scanning Techniques Figure 1-12(a)

63. Common Scanning Techniques Figure 1-12(b)

64. Common Scanning Techniques Figure 1-12(c)

65. Common Scanning Techniques Figure 1-12(d)