Cancer A group of diseases characterized by the _________________ and spread of _______________

Cancer Development Process 1. Cancer _________: various factors that cause changes in a cells DNA (genetic code) - Spontaneous error - genetic mutations - Carcinogens - Oncogenes: present and dormant at birth

2. Cancer __________: the stimulation of excessive growth of cells that have been altered by a cancer initiator - Estrogen - Immunosuppressant drugs

3. Cancer ___________: occurs when a tumor releases growth factors that stimulate the growth of new blood vessels to provide the tumor with a blood supply. This process is called ______________.

Tumors – clumping of new growth (neoplasmic) cells __________ Tumor (noncancerous) - cells enclosed in a fiberous capsule ____________ Tumor (cancerous) a. Invasion: when cells invade surrounding tissues b. ______________: when cells break away from site of origin, enter blood stream or lymph system and are carried to other sites

Classification of Cancers – type of tissues they affect Carcinoma: Epithelial tissues (body surfaces, line body cavities) - skin, breast, lung, GI tract, reproductive organs Sarcoma: Middle layers of tissues - connective tissues: bone, muscle, ligaments, fascia

Classification of Cancers – type of tissues they effect Lymphomas: lymphatic system Leukemia: affects blood - proliferation of white blood cells - bone marrow and spleen

Cancer Statistics 2 nd leading cause of death in U.S. 555,000 deaths annually Four major cancers account for most cancer deaths

Lung Cancer Risk factors 1. Cigarette smoking (nearly 90%) 2. Certain chemicals

Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors 1. Heredity 2. Low intake of fruits, vegs, whole grains 3. Alcohol consumption 4. Excess body fat 5. Sedentary lifestyle Dietary Intervention:

Breast Cancer Risk Factors 1. Heredity (about 10%) 2. Alcohol consumption 3. Obesity (especially abdominal deposition) 4. Never having children 5. Early menstruation or late menopause 6. Sedentary lifestyle 7. HRT and birth control pills Dietary Intervention:

A woman’s chance of being diagnosed with breast cancer is: From age 30 to age 401 out of 252 From age 40 to age 501 out of 68 From age 50 to age 601 out of 35 From age 60 to age 701 out of 27 Ever1 out of 8 Average age of breast cancer diagnosis is 64

Prostate Cancer Risk factors 1. Age 2. Low fruit & vegetable intake Dietary Intervention:

7 Cancer Warning Signs

Preventing Cancer “Things to avoid or limit” Tobacco & alcohol Saturated fat and meat intake Exposure to UV radiation Charred, smoked, preserved meats Environmental carcinogens Obesity

Preventing Cancer “Things to do” Increase intake of _______, ___________, ______________, and _________ - Curciferous vegs - Citrus fruits & berries - Dark-green leafy vegs - Dark red, yellow, orange fruits/vegs Exercise regularly Next to prevention, early identification and treatment offers the best chance for a _____

Breast Cancer Self-Breast Exam ____% lumps found) - Perform __________ Physician Clinical Breast Exam - Age 20-39: every 3 years - 40+: yearly Mammogram: yearly after age 40

Testicular Cancer Most common cancer in men age Men with undescended testicles are at increased risk – surgical treatment early Testicular self-exam: perform _______