Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

Circulatory System (section 1) Connects the muscles and organs of the body through an extensive system of vessels that transport blood, a mixture of specialized cells, and fluid.

Circulatory System (section 1) Different molecules the move through the cardiovascular system are: - Nutrients from digested food - Oxygen from the lungs - Metabolic wastes (carbon dioxide) - Hormones - Lastly, it distributes heat more or less evenly to maintain constant body temperature

Circulatory System (section 1) Arteries = blood vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart (red on diagrams) Capillaries = tiny blood vessels that allow the exchange of gases, nutrients, hormones, and other molecules in the blood Veins = blood vessels that carry blood BACK to the heart (blue on diagrams)

Section 37.2 Summary – pages 975-984 Your Blood Vessels: Pathways of Circulation The three main types of blood vessels are arteries, capillaries, and veins. Aorta Right pulmonary artery (lung) Left pulmonary artery (lung) Right pulmonary veins (lungs) Capillaries in lungs Left pulmonary veins (lungs) Vena cava Heart Systemic veins Systemic arteries Section 37.2 Summary – pages 975-984

Circulatory System (section 1) A valve is a one-way flap of tissue that ensures that the blood or fluid that passes through does not flow back.

Lymphatic System Collects and recycles fluids that leaked form the cardiovascular system and is involved in fighting infections. Lymph tissue is located in the: spleen, thymus, tonsils, bone marrow ***Also defends the body against bacteria, virus, other infecting microbes, and cancerous cells (works with the immune system)

Plasma About 60% of the total volume of blood is plasma (90% water/ 10% solutes)

Three types of cells in blood Red blood cells (RBC = erythrocytes)-cells that carry oxygen. Lack nuclei and cannot make proteins or repair themselves Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein that binds oxygen in the lungs and transports it to the tissues of the body Anemia = a condition in which the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood is reduced

Section 37.2 Summary – pages 975-984 Red blood cells: Oxygen carriers Side view 2.0 micrometers The round, disk-shaped cells in blood are red blood cells. Top view 7.5 micrometers Red blood cells carry oxygen to body cells. Section 37.2 Summary – pages 975-984

Three types of cells in blood White blood cells (leukocytes) - 1 or 2 cells for every 1,000 RBC and has a primary job to defend the body against disease (works with the immune system)

Three types of cells in blood Platelets – cell fragments (important for clotting of blood) Hemophilia is a blood clotting disease

Section 37.2 Summary – pages 975-984 Blood surface antigens determine blood group Blood plasma contains proteins, called antibodies (AN tih bahd eez), that are shaped to correspond with the different blood surface antigens. Section 37.2 Summary – pages 975-984

AB = Universal Recipient O = Universal Donor Blood Type Can Receive Blood From: Can Donate Blood To: A O, A A, AB B O, B B, AB AB O, A, B, AB O AB = Universal Recipient O = Universal Donor Rh factor = people who have this protien are said to be Rh + and those who lack it are Rh –

Section 37.2 Summary – pages 975-984 Rh factor Rh factor can cause complications in some pregnancies. First pregnancy Placenta Rh+ antigens Mother is exposed to Rh antigens at the birth of her Rh+ baby. Section 37.2 Summary – pages 975-984

Section 37.2 Summary – pages 975-984 Rh factor Mother makes anti-Rh+ antibodies. Possible subsequent pregnancies During the mother’s next pregnancy, Rh antibodies can cross the placenta and endanger the fetus. Anti-Rh+ antibodies Section 37.2 Summary – pages 975-984

Question 2 Why is a person with type O blood considered to be a universal blood donor? (TX Obj 2; 10A) Section 2 Check

Type O blood does not contain any antigens, therefore it does not spark an immune response from the body of a person receiving the blood. Section 2 Check

Question 3 A. red blood cells B. white blood cells C. plasma What component of blood is responsible for helping your blood clot? (TX Obj 2; 10A) A. red blood cells B. white blood cells C. plasma D. platelets The answer is D. Section 2 Check

The Heart (section 2) The right side of the heart is responsible for driving the pulmonary circulation loop, which pumps oxygen-poor blood through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs The left side of the heart is responsible for driving the systemic circulation loop, which pumps oxygen-rich blood through a network of arteries to the tissues of the body.

The Heart (section 2) Atria = are chambers that receive blood returning to the heart Ventricles = thick walled chambers that pump blood away from the heart

Summary of Blood Flow 1. Superior Vena Cava (upper body) and Inferior Vena Cava (lower body) – sends oxygen poor blood to the right atrium 2. Right Atrium – sends blood to the right ventricle 3. Right Ventricle – sends blood to the pulmonary artery 4. Pulmonary Arteries - sends blood to the lungs to become oxygenated

Summary of Blood Flow 5. Pulmonary Veins – returns blood to the left atrium from the lungs 6. Left Atrium – sends blood to the left ventricle 7. Left Ventricle – sends blood to the aorta 8. Aorta – sends blood to the coronary arteries, the brain, and the rest of the body (sends fresh oxygen to body)

Section 37.2 Summary – pages 975-984 The passage of blood Superior vena cava Pulmonary artery Aorta LA Pulmonary vein RA LV RV Capillaries Inferior vena cava Left lung Right lung Section 37.2 Summary – pages 975-984

Sinoatrial Node (SA/ Pacemaker) = contraction of the heart is initiated by a small cluster of cardiac muscle cells Blood Pressure – is the force exerted by blood as it moves through blood vessels 120 (systolic) / 80 (diastolic) = good reading in adults

Disorders of the Heart Heart attack occurs when an area of the heart muscle stops working and dies ***NOTE: Stroke is when an area of the brain dies

Question 4 Why are the walls in ventricles thicker and more muscular than the walls in the atria? (TX Obj 2; 10A) Section 2 Check

Answer Superior vena cava Right lung Arch of aorta Pulmonary trunk Section 2 Check Answer Superior vena cava Right lung Arch of aorta Pulmonary trunk Right atrium Left atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle Right coronary artery Rib (cut) Left lung Left coronary artery Cut edge of pericardium Diaphragm

The Respiratory System (section 3)

The Respiratory System (section 3) 1. Oxygen from the outside air reaches the lungs 2. The oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries. At the high oxygen levels that occur in the blood within the lungs, most hemoglobin molecules carry a full load of oxygen.

The Respiratory System (section 3) 3. The oxygen-rich blood then travels to the heart. The heart pumps the blood to the tissues of the body. 4. Oxygen diffuses into the cells for use during aerobic respiration. In the tissues, oxygen levels are lower. This causes the hemoglobin to release its oxygen Hemoglobin

The Respiratory System (section 3) 5. In tissues, the presence of carbon dioxide produced by cellular respiration makes the blood more acidic and causes the hemoglobin molecules to assume a different shape, one that gives up oxygen more easily. The carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells to the blood.

The Respiratory System (section 3) 6. Most of the carbon dioxide travels to the heart as bicarbonate ions. 7. The heart pumps the blood to the lungs. In the lungs, carbon dioxide is released to its gaseous form to the alveoli. 8. The carbon dioxide is expelled.

Section 37.1 Summary – pages 971-974 The path air takes Pharynx Nasal cavity Medulla oblongata Epiglottis Larynx Esophagus Trachea Bronchus Right lung Bronchiole Left lung Diaphragm Section 37.1 Summary – pages 971-974

Section 37.1 Summary – pages 971-974 Respiration and Lung Function Click image to view movie. Section 37.1 Summary – pages 971-974

Diseases of the Respiratory System Asthma – a chronic condition in which the bronchioles of the lungs become inflamed because of their sensitivity to certain stimuli in the air.

Diseases of the Respiratory System Emphysema – a chronic pulmonary disease resulting from chemical imbalances that destroys elastic fibers in the lungs. Normal Emphysema

Diseases of the Respiratory System Lung Cancer – one of the leading causes of death in the world today

Two Kinds of Circulatory Systems Open Circulatory System – a heart pumps fluid containing oxygen and nutrients through a series of vessels out into the body cavity. Here the fluid washes across the body’s tissues, supplying them with oxygen and nutrients. EXAMPLE: Earthworms

Two Kinds of Circulatory Systems Closed Circulatory System – a heart pumps blood through a system of blood vessels. Here the blood vessels form a network that permits blood flow from the heart to all of the body’s cells and back again. EXAMPLE: Humans

Section 37.2 Summary – pages 975-984 Your Blood Vessels: Pathways of Circulation The three main types of blood vessels are arteries, capillaries, and veins. Aorta Right pulmonary artery (lung) Left pulmonary artery (lung) Right pulmonary veins (lungs) Capillaries in lungs Left pulmonary veins (lungs) Vena cava Heart Systemic veins Systemic arteries Section 37.2 Summary – pages 975-984

Question 5 A. in the blood B. in capillaries C. in alveoli Where does gas exchange occur during respiration? (TX Obj 2; 10A) A. in the blood B. in capillaries C. in alveoli D. in the diaphragm Section 1 Check

Alveoli The answer is C. Alveoli are the sacs of the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. O2 – rich blood Capillary network CO2 – rich blood Alveolus Section 1 Check

Question 6 How does the diaphragm enable your lungs to fill with air when you inhale? (TX Obj 2; 10A) Section 1 Check

Lung when inhaling Position of ribs when inhaling When you inhale, the diaphragm flattens, enlarging the chest cavity and drawing air into the lungs. Position of diaphragm when inhaling Section 1 Check