1. Circulation and Respiration

2. II. Circulatory systems   A. Circulatory system basics 1. Fluid — blood 2. Channels — vessels 3. A pump — the heart

3. III. The circulatory system III. The vertebrate circulatory system   A. Functions 1. Transport of O 2 and CO 2 2. Distribution of nutrients 3. 3.Transport of waste 4. Distribution of hormones 5. Regulation of body temperature 6. Protection of the body against blood loss

4. The vertebrate circulatory system B. The heart 1. Structure a. Atria b. Ventricles

5. aorta superior vena cava pulmonary artery (to right lung) pulmonary veins (from right lung) right atrium atrioventricular valve inferior vena cava right ventricle descending aorta (to lower body) heart muscle ventricular septum left ventricle semilunar valves atrioventricular valve pulmonary veins (from left lung) left atrium pulmonary artery (to left lung)

6. The vertebrate circulatory system   Function a. The cardiac cycle 1) Systole — period of ventricle contraction 2) Diastole — relaxation of all the chambers followed by contraction of the atria Blood Pressure: Systolic/Diastolic (ex. 120/80)

8. Oxygenated blood from lungs enters left ventricle. Deoxygenated blood from body enters right ventricle. (a) Atria contract, forcing blood into the ventricles. Oxygenated blood is pumped to the body. (b) Then the ventricles contract, forcing blood through arteries to the lungs and the rest of the body. (c) The cycle ends as the heart relaxes. Blood fills the atria and begins to flow passively into the ventricles. Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs.

9. Pathway of Blood Through the Heart 1.Vena Cava 2.Right Atrium 3.Tricuspid Valve 4.Right Ventricle 5.Pulmonary Artery (Pulmonary Valve) 6.Lungs 7.Pulmonary Vein 8.Left Atrium 9.Bicuspid Valve “Mitral Valve” 10.Left Ventrical 11.Aorta (Aortic Valve)

10. III. The vertebrate circulatory system   Function b. Coordination of heart activity 1) Atrioventricular and semilunar valves 2) The sinoatrial node (SA node) 3) The atrioventricular node (AV node)

11. aorta superior vena cava pulmonary artery (to right lung) pulmonary veins (from right lung) right atrium atrioventricular valve Tricuspid Valve inferior vena cava right ventricle descending aorta (to lower body) heart muscle ventricular septum left ventricle semilunar valves atrioventricular valve Bicuspid Valve “Mitral Valve” pulmonary veins (from left lung) left atrium pulmonary artery (to left lung) Pathway of Blood Through the Heart 1. Vena Cava 2. Right Atrium 3. Tricuspid Valve 4. Right Ventricle 5. Pulmonary Artery (Pulmonary Valve) 6. Lungs 7. Pulmonary Vein 8. Left Atrium 9. Bicuspid Valve “Mitral Valve” 10. Left Ventrical 11. Aorta (Aortic Valve)

12. excitable fibers sinoatrial (SA) node atrioventricular (AV) node

13. The vertebrate circulatory system. Coordination of heart activity 4) Influences on heart rate a) Parasympathetic nervous system - decreases heart rate b) Sympathetic nervous system - increases heart rate c) Hormones

14. The vertebrate circulatory system   C. Blood 1. Functions a. Transport of nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes b. Immune response

15. The vertebrate circulatory system 2.2. Composition a. Plasma — 55% to 60% 1) 90% water 2) Molecules of dissolved proteins, hormones, nutrients, gases, ions, and urea as a waste b. Red blood cells — erythrocytes 1) 99% of the total cellular component in the blood 2) Carry oxygen bound to hemoglobin from the lungs to the tissue and buffer CO 2 carried from the tissues c. White blood cells — leukocytes 1) 1% of the total cellular component of blood 2) Five white blood cell types d. Platelets 1) Cellular fragments from megakaryocyte in the bone marrow 2) Function in blood clotting

17. A white blood cell attacks bacteria

18. platelets trapped red blood cell fibrin network

19.   D. Blood vessels 1. Arteries and arterioles a. Thick walls, smooth muscle with elastic tissue to withstand high pressure b. Carry blood away from the heart 2. Capillaries a. Tiniest vessels; thin, single-cell thick for easy diffusion b. Exchange of materials between blood and body cells 3. Venules and veins a. One-way valves in thin-walled vessels surrounded by thin layer of smooth muscle giving low resistance to blood flow, which is assisted by skeletal muscle b. Returns blood to the heart The vertebrate circulatory system

20. arteriole artery endothelium (inner layer) connective tissue smooth muscle (middle layer) connective tissue (external layer) capillary endothelium venule vein capillaries

21. Red blood cells must pass through capillaries in single file. Capillary walls are thin and permeable to gases, nutrients, and cellular wastes.

22. III. The vertebrate circulatory system 4. Distribution of blood flow a. Regulated by muscular walls of the arterioles b. Influenced by autonomic nerves, hormones, and other chemicals released from nearby tissues

23. aorta superior vena cava inferior vena cava liver femoral artery femoral vein intestine kidney heart pulmonary artery lung capillaries carotid artery jugular vein

24. The respiratory system   A. Functions of the respiratory system 1. Works in conjunction with the circulatory system 2. Provides oxygen for cellular respiration

25. Respiratory systems and gas exchange   A. Interrelated with circulatory system   B. Mechanisms of gas movement 1. Bulk flow from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure 2. Simple diffusion at the tissue or lung level

26. 1. Gases move in and out of the lungs by breathing. 2. O 2 and CO 2 are exchanged in the lungs by diffusion. 3. Gases dissolved in blood are transported by the circulatory system. 4. O 2 and CO 2 are exchanged in the tissues by diffusion. alveoli (air sacs) right atrium left atrium left ventricle right ventricle

27. VII. Human respiratory system   A. The conducting portion 1. Carries air to the lungs 2. Warms and moistens air moving through it 3. Cilia that line the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles filter dust particles

28. (a) nasal cavity pharynx epiglottis larynx esophagus trachea bronchi pulmonary vein pulmonary artery bronchioles branch of pulmonary artery (b) bronchiole branch of pulmonary vein alveoli capillary network

29. VII. Human respiratory system   B. Gas exchange portion 1. The alveoli have an enormous surface area 2. Capillaries surround the alveoli 3. The mechanism of gas exchange and transport a. Oxygen and hemoglobin b. Carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ions

30. interstitial fluid fluid layer alveolar cell nucleus air in alveolus alveolar membrane capillary cell nucleus red blood cell plasma capillary wall capillary

31. VII. Human respiratory system   C. Mechanics of breathing 1. Inspiration — active inhalation of air a. Diaphragm and rib muscles contract, making the chest cavity larger b. Chest expansion causes the lungs to expand; vacuum draws in air 2. Expiration — passive exhalation of air when muscles are relaxed

32. lungs compress ribcage contracts lungs expand ribcage expands ribcage expands lungs expand diaphragm contracts downward (a) Inhalation ribcage contracts diaphragm relaxes upward (b) Exhalation lungs compress lungs compress air moves inair moves out

33. VII. Human respiratory system   D. Control of respiration 1. Description of breathing 2. Regulation of breathing by carbon dioxide

34.   1. Structure a. Complex network of thin-walled vessels b. In proximity to the capillary network c. Composed of cells with openings between them that act as one-way valves Lymphatic system

35. (a) superior vena cava lymph vessels lymph nodes valve prevents backflow white blood cells (b) lymph node thoracic duct enters vein to vena cava thymus heart spleen thoracic duct

36. Lymph is transported into larger lymph vessels. Blood capillaries leak fluid filtered from blood plasma. Interstitial fluid enters through valvelike openings between lymph capillary cells. interstitial fluid

37. Lymphatic system 2. Functions a. Removal of excess fluid b. Transport of fats from the intestine c. Cellular body defense