10-4 ATB What is biochemistry? Today: Go over your chemistry intro. Tests Turn in your Surface Tension lab report Being biochemistry

10-5 ATB What is a macromolecule? Today: Test Averages: Pre-quiz on biochemistry Discuss macromolecules Test Averages: Period 5 – 82% Period 6 – 84%

What is a monomer? Small part of a larger molecule A large molecule Something that makes up a lipid It is the same as a polymer

What is a carbohydrate? Molecule used for long term energy storage A polymer made up of sugars A molecule used to build muscles A molecule that forms our DNA

We could expect an organic compound to always have… Nitrogen Chlorine Oxygen Carbon

Lipids are… A macromolecule used for energy storage Used for short term energy Used for structure in organisms Found in proteins

Proteins… Important for energy use Make up many enzymes and tissues are the same things as lipids Are used first for energy

Today: Use the books for an intro into the biochem unit Read book pages 51-54 Answer all but questions #4 Homework if you do not get it done

Biochemistry!!!! Chapter 3

Organic Compounds Review – What element is in most organic compounds? CARBON How many valence electrons does carbon have? Four What type of bonds can carbon form? Single, double or triple bonds 10

Organic Compounds Organic Compounds = carbon atoms joined by covalent bonds and may include other elements Important elements are (other than carbon) Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Sulfur Phosphorus

Hydrocarbons = Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen The simplest hydrocarbon is methane or CH4 Hydrocarbons can be a gas, liquid or solid

Macromolecules Monomers = Polymers = Draw: Simple molecule Smaller unit of a larger molecule Able to attach to other monomers to form polymers Polymers = long chains of repeated molecules Draw:

10-6 ATB DRAW some monomers and then a polymer. Today: Continue discussing macromolecules (carbohydrates)

Macromolecules = large-size molecules Three types of polymers are essential to life: Proteins Nucleic acids Carbohydrates Lipids (are not polymers, but are also essential)

What does “Mono” mean? What does “Poly” mean? What does “mer” mean? one What does “Poly” mean? many What does “mer” mean? parts

18

The 4 Macromolecules we’ll discuss… Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Lipids Polymers

Carbohydrates Sugars = Glucose = Carbohydrate – simple carbohydrates Polymer composed of C, H, and O Usually in a 1:2:1 ratio Sugars = simple carbohydrates Glucose = provides chemical energy for cells C6H12O6

Carbohydrate Function Animals: Short term energy use (stored as glycogen) Stored in liver / muscles ready for use Plants: Energy source stored as starch (ex: potatoes) Starch = a complex carbohydrate Cellulose – straight chains of glucose used for structure

Complex carbohydrates build structures and store energy

Cellulose – plant structure

Carbohydrates Monosaccharide's Examples: “One” “sugar” Monomer of a carbohydrate Examples: Glucose Fructose (from fruits) Galactose (in milk)

Carbohydrates What are disaccharides? Means “Two” “Sugars” two sugars join to form a new sugar Example: Glucose + fructose = sucrose

Carbohydrates What are polysaccharides? Means “many” “sugars” Carbs. Made with more than three sugars

Carbohydrates - Glycogen

Carbohydrates Isomers – C6H12O6 same chemical formula, different structure EX: - monosaccharide's C6H12O6 28

10-7 ATB What type of reaction links monomers into polymers? Today: BOOK ASSIGNMENT! Read pages 45-49 Questions: 1, 2 and 3

10-10 ATB What are the 4 macromolecules? Which one is NOT a polymer? Today: Turn in your assignment from Friday

10-11 ATB What is the monomer of carbohydrates? Today: Discuss hydrolysis reactions Discuss lipids Turn in assignment from Friday ATB’s to be collected this week  Thursday?

How do polymers bond? Condensation (dehydration) reactions!! Chemical reaction that links monomers into polymers Each time a monomer is added, water is released Example: Glucose + fructose  sucrose Take a water from the reactants (dehydration) Building monomers up

Condensation Reaction 34

Condensation Reaction Condensation reaction creating a polysaccharide (carbohydrate) 35

Condensation Reaction

How do they break down? Hydrolysis Addition of water to polymers in order to break them down into monomers “Hydro” = water “lysis” = break Hydrolysis reactions – Putting a water back in to break down polymers

Hydrolysis Reaction SucrASE is the enzyme that breaks down sucrose Terms with –ASE on the end typically mean it’s an enzyme

Hydrolysis Reaction 39

http://images. google. com/imgres. imgurl=http://www. yellowtang http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.yellowtang.org/images/saturated_unsaturat_c_la_784.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.yellowtang.org/chemistry.php&usg=__wmlTPiW7tJUFKKCzaJGeSZnRo0Y=&h=468&w=837&sz=63&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=hqYf4SbD63lV_M:&tbnh=81&tbnw=144&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsaturated%2Bphospholipids%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DX%26um%3D1 Under reaction types

Carbs – Condensation vs. Hydrolysis

Lipids Lipids - Large non-polar organic molecules Do not dissolve in water Examples fats, oils, steroids, wax and pigments Function: Higher number of C-H bonds than carbohydrates = more energy Long term energy storage Form cell membranes Cushions organs, keep body warm

Lipids = a chemically diverse group of compounds grouped together because they don’t dissolve in water For energy, cell membranes, structural support, and steroids

Lipids Fatty acids - Make up most lipids – a variety of types Have different length carbon tails Structure: Carboxyl head and long carbon tail

10-12 ATB Which reaction type builds polymers? Which breaks them down? Today: Video – importance of carbon Crackers Worksheet --- continue working Finish discussing lipids

Salivary amylase An enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugars Which type of reaction is this? condensation Amylase acts on starch to produce maltose (a disaccharide) - this is further broken down in the small intestine by maltase to give 2 glucose monomers

10-13 ATB What does the enzyme salivary amylase do? Today: Finish describing lipids Describe nucleic acids Review for the quiz tomorrow QUIZ TOMORROW – 14 multiple choice. ATB’s DUE TOMORROW!!!!!!!!!

Polar vs Nonpolar side Carbon chain = “TAIL” = non-polar = hydrophobic Carboxyl group = “HEAD” = polar = hydrophilic

Lipids Phospholipids Fatty acids that compose most cell membranes Have a phosphate attached to glycerol Two fatty acid “tails” and a phosphate “head” Tail is hydrophobic and head is hydrophilic

Lipids So if we mixed phospholipids with water, how would they arrange?

Lipids Triglyceride - How most fats exist in body and in food One molecule of glycerol and three chains of fatty acids (carbon chains)

Lipids - Saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids Usually SOLID at room temp Single bonds creates straight chains = less room around each acid makes them solid Found in: Butter, red meat The bad fats – you don’t really need them (artery cloggers)

Lipids - Saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids Usually LIQUID at room temp Double bonds creates kinked chains = more room to “flow” – usually liquids Found in plant oils (vegetable oil etc.) These are the good fats – better for your health

Lipids

Lipids Wax Waterproof Protective layer in plants and animals Ear wax

Lipids Steroid Compose many hormones Made of four fused rings Testosterone Estrogen Cholesterol

Lipids Phospholipid molecule http://my.hrw.com/sh/hm2/0030724872/student/ch03/sec03/qc13/hm203_03_q13fs.htm Lipid bylayer http://my.hrw.com/sh/hm2/0030724872/student/ch03/sec03/qc14/hm203_03_q14fs.htm

REVIEW: write answers somewhere… What is a monomer? What are the three monosaccharides? What is a macromolecule? What is a “poly” mean? What is the function of carbohydrates in plants? In animals? What are two functions of lipids? What is the main function of proteins? What is the monomer of carbohydrates? What does “disaccharide” mean? What is the function of a condensation reaction? If glucose and fructose are going to bond, what would be the products? What type of reaction would this be?

10-14 ATB QUIZ!!! Any questions? Turn in your ATB’s!!!

Nucleic Acid Nucleic acid - Organic molecules that transfer / store important cell info What are the two nucleic acids? DNA and RNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Directs cell activities and stores info for cell Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) info for protein production

Monomer of nucleic acids Nucleotide

Nucleic Acid Nucleotide Monomer of DNA and RNA Made up of phosphate, sugar and nitrogen base

A special process involving proteins Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) carry the hereditary information of organisms Long chains of nucleotides that contain Sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base Information in DNA is rewritten to RNA RNA directs amino acid assembly into proteins Genes = regions of DNA that code for proteins that perform certain functions Genome = an organism’s genes Divided into chromosomes

Proteins Produce tissues, provide structural support, store and others transport energy Animals use proteins to generate skin, hair, muscles, and tendons Some function as components of the immune system They can serve as enzymes, molecules that promote certain chemical reactions

Proteins Organic compounds composed mostly of C, H, O and N Function: Many body tissues Also hormones and enzymes Examples: hair, finger nails, blood, skin, muscles, etc Insulin Human growth hormone

Describe: Describe: Biochemistry Carbohydrates: Reaction Types: Macromolecule - Monomer – Polymer - Describe: Proteins: Nucleic Acids: Biochemistry Reaction Types: Condensation – Hydroysis Carbohydrates: Lipids:

Proteins What are the building blocks of proteins? Amino acids 20 different AA’s – see them 4 basic parts: Functional Group – gives AA it’s properties / shape Amino Group (-NH2) Carboxyl group (-COOH) Hydrogen (H) Functional group Amino group Carboxyl group

Concept Mapping You are going to create a concept map that link information about the organic macromolecules we learned about. We’re going to start it together.

Amino Acids 20 different structures Go back 20 different structures 64 possible nitrogenous base combinations

Proteins What holds proteins together? Peptide bonds Covalent bond linking AA (thru. condensation rxn.) Polypeptide - Three or more bonded AA’s

Proteins - Enzymes Proteins also make enzymes These are biological catalysts Substrate Reactant being changed Active site Place on enzyme where reaction occurs

Proteins - Enzymes Enzyme A http://my.hrw.com/sh/hm2/0030724872/student/ch03/sec03/qc08/hm203_03_q08fs.htm A

Proteins

We create synthetic polymers Plastics = synthetic (human-made) polymers Best known by their brand names (Nylon, Teflon, Kevlar) Many are derived from petroleum hydrocarbons Valuable because they resist chemical breakdown Problematic because they cause long-lasting waste and pollution Wildlife and health problems, water quality issues, harmful to marine animals We must design less-polluting alternatives and increase recycling

The End

10-29 ATB TEST TODAY Get ready to turn in your review sheets / concept maps Put your name on the test Start on #101 on the scantron

Carbohydrate Summary: Answer the following: 1. What elements are in carbohydrates? 2. What are the three categories of carbohydrates? 3. What are the simplest carbohydrates called? 4. Identify three simple sugars. 5. What is the CHEMICAL FORMULA for any simple sugar? 6. What are ALL monosaccharides to each other, because they have the same chemical formula?

Carbohydrate Summary: 7. When 2 simple sugars bond together, what is the NEW PRODUCT? 8. When ANY 2 molecules join together, and water is lost in the joining, what is that called? 9. Because all monosaccharides are isomers of each other, what MUST be true about ALL DISACCHARIDES?!

Extra stuff

Attached to the carbon – influences the compounds properties Ex: Functional groups - Attached to the carbon – influences the compounds properties Ex: Ethanol Oh hydroxyl group – makes molecule polar (hydrophilic)

Glucose is stored in large macromolecule called glycogen, which is 100’s of glucose’s bonded together Plants store glucose as polysaccharide starch Also as cellulose which helps with rigidity of plants – makes up 50% of wood – hard to break down / digest

88

10-14 ATB All group members must be working. You must learn the information and know your role in the presentation By the end of the period… I need to have your printed NOTE OUTLINE (with a few diagrams to help your classmates) You should be done with your PowerPoint.