European Feudalism Between 1400-1525 Europe will begin to change from a feudal society to a capitalist society. In feudalism, land is not private property, political authority is local. The 1300’s were a century of disease and war, as shown at left.

Reformation Protestantism Inter-Christian Religious Warfare Martin Luther Henry VIII Inter-Christian Religious Warfare Catholic Protestant Mixed At this point Europeans’ sense of identity is local and religious.

Nation Building The nations we now know as Europe were built during the period 1300-1900. France England: 1300’s Spain: 1492 Italy: 1848 Germany: 1860

European Trade 1478 Silk Road Venitian Bankers & Muslims control Spice Silk 10x markup Venitian Bankers & Muslims control Rennais-sance

THE OTHER The Other is a concept we use to describe a subject’s sense of its identity. The Other defines the boundary of the “Self.” The Other is not always viewed negatively. What we want to know, is what traditions of otherness does Europe take with it on its voyages of exploration and conquest? Jews serve as an internal other and for 700 years, Europe will be invaded repeatedly.

Jews The first Other Dependent non-citizens of the Christian world. “racializing difference:” ghettoization hats, badges, stars, tattoos Economic Niches Medicine Banking

Heathens Viking Raids 700-1000 Hun Invasions 600-800 Europe sends missionaries to convert invaders

Viking Slave Trade Coastal Europe Russia Greenland 8,000 per year In 1300 75% of European households owned slaves

Mongols Invasions military threat Pope Innocent IV Letter to the Khan: Catholicism is “Church universal” Non-catholics rule without “dominium” or divine sanction This will be applied to Indians when the time comes.

Islam Controls access to Asian trade Preserve knowledge of Greek Science/philosophy Practice religious tolerance

Africans Before Racism In the 1400-1600 period we have evidence of Africans living in European society as equals. They own property, marry, engage in trade and legal affairs. Their differences are noted but not marginalized. As the Europeans increase their exportation of Africans to the America’s their perceptions of Africans will deteriorate. Takaki’s chapter on the English conquest of Ireland suggests that that event is intertwined with African exportation in Europe’s first sense of “racial difference.”

Early Catholic question Aquinas: “we know the whole world.” “The apostles covered the earth.” until 1570 America’s thought a peninsula of Asia

“Known” World